Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of enzyme hydrolysis of various corn components on oil recovery from condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS). Hydrolysis with a commercial protease significantly increased oil recovery as the enzyme concentration increased, with the greatest oil recovery being 70% at 10% v/w (dry weight basis) enzyme concentration. Increasing centrifugal force from 8,500 to 12,240×g was only slightly effective for the non-enzyme treated samples. Reducing CCDS particle size by grinding with a mortar and pestle increased oil recovery to 83% when an enzyme combination of a commercial cellulase mixture and a protease was used. Particle size reduction of CCDS by high-speed blending resulted in low oil recovery, but the oil recovery was significantly improved after enzyme treatment. Zein-lipid interaction was very strong when tested in a model system, with only 10% of the oil being freed by centrifugation alone. Following enzyme hydrolysis of the zein-oil complex with a protease, oil recovery was increased to 97%. Overall, enzyme hydrolysis and further particle size reduction showed a small, albeit statistically significant, effect in increasing oil recovery from CCDS. These small increases may not justify the use of enzymes or processing modifications to reduce particle size in the ethanol industry, nonetheless, these data may provide a reference or insight to design more effective treatments for oil recovery.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Majoni S, Wang T (2010) Characterization of deposit in corn oil and corn oil extracted from corn fermentation co-products. J Am Oil Chem Soc. doi:10.1007/s11746-009-1491-3
Tzen JTC, Huang AHC (1992) Surface structure and properties of plant seed oil bodies. J Cell Biol 117:327–335
Young CT, Schadel WE (1990) Microstructure of peanut seed: a review. Food Struct 9:317–328
Huang AHC (1996) Oleosins and oil bodies in seeds and other organs. Plant Physiol 110:1055–1061
Murphy DJ (1993) Structure, function, and biogenesis of storage lipid bodies and oleosins in plants. Progr Lipid Res 32:247–280
Karvolic DJ, Bocevska M, Jakolevic J, Turkulov J (1994) Corn germ oil extraction by a new enzymatic process. Acta Aliment 23:389–400
Wang H, Wang T, Pometto III AL, Johnson LA (2009) Establishing a laboratory decanting procedure to simulate whole stillage separation during industrial corn dry-grind fuel ethanol process. J Am Oil Chem Soc. doi:10.1007/s11746-009-1451-y
Wang H, Wang T, Johnson LA, Pometto AL III (2008) Effect of corn breaking method on oil distribution between stillage phases of dry-grind corn ethanol production. J Agric Food Chem 56:9975–9980
Wang H, Wang T, Johnson LA, Pometto AL III (2009) Low-shear extrusion on corn fermentation and oil partition. J Agric Food Chem 57:2302–2307
Rosenthal A, Pyle DL, Niranjan K (1996) Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction. Enzyme Micro Technol 19:402–420
AOAC Official Methods (2000) Official methods of analysis of AOAC international, 17th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg
Jacks TJ, Hensarling TP, Neucere JN, Yatsu LY, Barker RH (1990) Isolation and physicochemical characterization of the half-unit membranes of oilseed lipid bodies. J Am Oil Chem Soc 67:353–361
Moreau RA, Johnston DB, Powell MJ, Hicks KB (2004) A comparison of commercial enzymes for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn oil from corn germ. J Am Oil Chem Soc 81:1071–1075
Latif S, Diosady LL, Anwar F (2008) Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil and protein from canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 110:887–892
Nobrega de Moura JML, Campbell K, Mahfuz A, Jung S, Glatz CE, Johnson LA (2008) Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans and cream de-emulsification. J Am Oil Chem Soc 85:985–995
Nobrega de Moura JML, Johnson LA (2009) Two-stage countercurrent enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil and protein from soybeans. J Am Oil Chem Soc 86:283–289
Kapchie VN, Wei D, Hauck C, Murphy PA (2008) Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oleosomes from soybeans (Glycine max). J Agric Food Chem 56:1766–1771
Lamsal BP, Murphy PA, Johnson LA (2006) Flaking and extrusion as mechanical treatments for enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybeans. J Am Oil Chem Soc 83:973–979
Johnson LA (2008) Recovery, refining, converting, and stabilizing edible fats and oils. In: Akoh CC, Min DB (eds) Food lipids: chemistry, nutrition and biotechnology, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 205–243
Maisch WF (2003) Fermentation processes and products. In: White PJ, Johnson LA (eds) Corn: chemistry and technology, 2nd edn. American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc, St Paul, pp 695–721
Lawton JW, Wilson CM (2003) Proteins of the kernel. In: White PJ, Johnson LA (eds) Corn: chemistry and technology, 2nd edn. American Association of Cereal Chemists Inc., St Paul, pp 313–354
Shahidi F, Wanasundara PKJPD (2008) Extraction and analysis of lipids. In: Akoh CC, Min DB (eds) Food Lipids: chemistry, nutrition and biotechnology, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 126–156
Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GHS (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497–509
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Grow Iowa Values Fund and the Feed Energy Company (Des Moines, IA, USA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Majoni, S., Wang, T. & Johnson, L.A. Enzyme Treatments to Enhance Oil Recovery from Condensed Corn Distillers Solubles. J Am Oil Chem Soc 88, 523–532 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1693-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1693-8