Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal conditions for the lipase-catalyzed enrichment of hazelnut oil by incorporating n−3 PUFA from menhaden oil. A four-factor, five-level central composite design was used, and hazelnut oil containing n−3 PUFA was successfully produced. The effects of incubation time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and water content on the incorporation ratio were investigated. From the evaluation of response surface graphs, the optimal conditions for incorporation of long-chain n−3 PUFA into hazelnut oil were identified as 45–60°C for temperature, 30–40 h for reaction time, 1∶1–2∶1 (mol hazelnut oil/mol menhaden oil concentrate) for substrate molar ratio, and 3–5% (w/w) for water content. Experiments conducted at optimized conditions predicted by the model equation obtained from RSM yielded structured lipids with 19.6% n−3 PUFA. This value agreed well with that predicted by the model. This structured lipid containing PUFA may be nutritionally more beneficial than unmodified hazelnut oil.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Özçelik, B. The Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Antioxidants on Improvement of Shelf Life of Hazelnut Puree, Ph.D. Thesis Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2000.
Ackurt, F., M. Ozdemir, G. Biringen, and M. Loker, Effects of Geographical Origin and Variety on Vitamin and Mineral Composition of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Varieties Cultivated in Turkey, Food Chem. 65:309–313 (1999).
Parcerisa, J., D.G. Richardson, M. Rafecas, R. Codony, and J. Boatella, Fatty Acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Content of Some Hazelnut Varieties (Corylus avellana L.) Harvested in Oregon (USA), J. Chromatogr. A 805:259–268 (1998).
Kurowska, E.M., G.K. Dresser, L. Deutsch, D. Vachon, and W. Khalil, Bioavailability of Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids from Perilla Seed Oil, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 68:207–212 (2003).
Sidhu, K.S., Health Benefits and Potential Risks Related to Consumption of Fish and Fish Oil, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38:336–344 (2003).
Huang, K.H., and C.C. Akoh, Lipase-Catalyzed Incorporation of ω−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids into Vegetable Oils, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71:1277–1280 (1994).
Rao, R., B. Manohar, K. Sambaiah, and B.R. Lokesh, Enzymatic Acidolysis in Hexane to Produce n−3 or n−6 FA-Enriched Structured Lipids from Coconut Oil: Optimization of Reactions by Response Surface Methodology, Ibid. 79:885–890 (2002).
Senanayake, S.P.J.N., and F. Shahidi, Enzymatic Incorporation of Docosahexaenoic Acid into Borage Oil, Ibid. 76:1009–1015 (1999).
Akoh, C.C., and C.O. Moussata, Lipase-Catalyzed Modification of Borage Oil: Incorporation of Capric Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acids to Form Structured Lipids, Ibid. 75:697–701 (1998).
Akoh, C.C., B.H. Jennings, and D.A. Lillard, Enzymatic Modification of Evening Primrose Oil: Incorporation of n−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Ibid. 73:1059–1062 (1996).
Jennings, B.H., and C.C. Akoh, Lipase-Catalyzed Modification of Rice Brain Oil to Incorporate Capric Acid, J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:4439–4443 (2000).
Torres, C.F., T.J. Nettekoven, and C.G. Hill, Preparation of Purified Acylglycerols of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Their Re-esterification with Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 32:49–58 (2003).
Shimada, Y., A. Sugihara, H. Nakano, T. Nakano, S. Komemushi, and Y. Tominaga, Production of Structured Lipids Containing Essential Fatty Acids by Immobilized Rhizopus delemar Lipase, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 73:1415–1420 (1998).
Montgomery, D.C., Design and Analysis of Experiments, 4th edn., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997, pp. 575–625.
Xu, X., A.R.H. Skands, C.E. Høy, H. Mu, S. Balchen, and J.A. Nissen, Production of Specific-Structured Lipids by Enzymatic Interesterification: Elucidation of Acyl Migration by Response Surface Design, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1179–1186 (1998).
Wanasundara, U.N., and F. Shahidi, Concentration of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Seal Blubber Oil by Urea Complexation: Optimization of Reaction Conditions, Food Chem. 65:41–49 (1999).
AOAC, Fatty Acids in Oils and Fats, Preparation of Methyl Esters in Boron Trifluoride Method: Method 969.33, in Official Methods of Analysis, 15th edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, 1990, pp. 963–964.
Mu, H., X. Xu, and C.E. Høy, Production of Specific-Structured Triacylglycerols by Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification in a Laboratory-Scale Continuous Reactor, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 75:1187–1193 (1998).
Cerdán, L.E., A.R. Medina, A.G. Gimenez, M.J.I. Gonzalez, and E.M. Grima, Synthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Triglycerides by Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification, Ibid. 75: 1329–1337 (1998).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Can, A., Özçelik, B. Enrichment of hazelnut oil with long-chain n−3 PUFA by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis: Optimization by response surface methodology. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 82, 27–32 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1038-9
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-005-1038-9