Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative Effects of Sandalwood Seed Oil on Fatty Acid Profiles and Inflammatory Factors in Rats

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sandalwood seed oil on fatty acid (FA) profiles and inflammatory factors in rats. Fifty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five different dietary groups: 10 % soybean oil (SO), 10 % olive oil (OO), 10 % safflower oil (SFO), 10 % linseed oil (LSO) and 8 % sandalwood seed oil blended with 2 % SO (SWSO) for 8 weeks. The SWSO group had a higher total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels but lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios in both adipose tissue and liver than those in the SO, OO and SFO groups (p < 0.05). Although the SWSO group had a much lower 18:3n-3 level (4.51 %) in their dietary lipids than the LSO group (58.88 %), the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 22:6n-3) in liver lipids and phospholipids of the SWSO group (7.52 and 11.77 %) were comparable to those of the LSO group (7.07 and 13.16 %). Ximenynic acid, a predominant acetylenic FA in sandalwood seed oil, was found to be highly incorporated into adipose tissue (13.73 %), but relatively lower in liver (0.51 %) in the SWSO group. The levels of prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in both liver and plasma were positively correlated with the n-6:n-3 ratios, suggesting that increased n-6 PUFA appear to increase the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas n-3 PUFA exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The present results suggest that sandalwood seed oil could increase tissue levels of n-3 PUFA, DHA and reduce the n-6:n-3 ratio, and may increase the anti-inflammatory activity in rats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ARA:

Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6)

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3)

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3)

FA:

Fatty acid(s)

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1β

LSO:

Linseed oil

LTB4 :

Leukotriene B4

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid(s)

OO:

Olive oil

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

PGF2α :

Prostaglandin F2α

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid(s)

SFO:

Safflower oil

SO:

Soybean oil

SWSO:

8 % sandalwood seed oil blended with 2 % soybean oil

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

TXB2 :

Thromboxane B2

XMYA:

Ximenynic acid

References

  1. Fox JED (2000) Sandalwood: the royal tree. Biol 47:31–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Low T (1990) Bush medicine. In: a pharmacopoeia of natural remedies, Angus and Robertson, North Ryde, 1990

  3. Hatt HA, Schoenfield R (1956) Some seed fats of the Santalaceae family. J Sci Food Agric 7:130–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. LiuYD Longmore RB, Kailis SG (1997) Proximate and fatty acid composition changes in developing sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) seeds. J Sci Food Agric 75:27–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Croft KD, Beilin LJ, Ford GL (1987) Differential inhibition of thromboxane B2 and leukotriene B4 biosynthesis in two naturally occurring acetylenic fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 921:621–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nugteren DH, Christ-Hazelhof E (1987) Naturally occurring conjugated octadecatrienoic acids are strong inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandins 33:403–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Jones GP, Birkett A, Sanigorski A, Hooper PT, Watson T, Rieger V (1994) Effect of feeding Quandong (Santalum acuminatum) oil to rats on tissue lipids, hepatic cytochrome P-450 and tissue histology. Food Chem Toxicol 32:521–526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu Y, Longmore RB (1997) Dietary sandalwood seed oil modifies fatty acid composition of mouse adipose tissue, brain, and liver. Lipids 32:965–969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Simopoulos PA (2006) Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 60:502–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J (2009) Lipids as targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Pharmacol Therap 124:96–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Whelan J, Broughton KS, Lokesh B, Kinsella JE (1991) In vivo formation of leukotriene E5 by murine peritoneal cells. Prostaglandins 41:29–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Krämer HJ, Stevens J, Grimminger F, Seeger W (1996) Fish oil fatty acids and human platelets: dose-dependent decrease in dienoic and increase in trienoic thromboxane generation. Biochem Pharmacol 52:1211–1217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bagga D, Wang L, Farias-Eisner R, Glaspy JA, Reddy ST (2003) Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on COX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:1751–1756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG (2000) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):343–348

    Google Scholar 

  15. Calder PC (2006) N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 83(suppl):1505–1519

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sperling RI, Benincaso AI, Knoell CT, Larkin JK, Austen KF, Robinson DR (1993) Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils. J Clin Invest 91:651–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. von Schacky C, Kiefl R, Jendraschak E, Kaminski WE (1993) N-3 fatty acids and cysteinyl-leukotriene formation in humans in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. J Lab Clin Med 121:302–309

    Google Scholar 

  18. Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GC Jr (1993) AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123:1939–1951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Skipski VP, Smolowe AF, Sullivan RC, Barclay M (1965) Separation of lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography. Biochim Biophys Acta lipids lipid Metab 106:386–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Christie WW (1989) Gas chromatography and lipids. The Oily Press, Ayr Scotland

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yuan GF, Sinclair AJ, Zhou CQ, Li D (2009) α-Eleostearic acid is more effectively metabolized into conjugated linoleic acid than punicic acid in mice. J Sci Food Agric 89:1006–1011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Deng Y, Scherer PE (2010) Adipokines as novel biomarkers and regulators of the metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1212:E1–E19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Awad AB (1981) Effect of dietary lipids on composition and glucose utilization by rat adipose tissue. J Nutr 111:34–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Baylin A, Kabagambe EK, Siles X, Campos H (2002) Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. Am J Clin Nutr 76:750–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Emken EA (1995) Physicochemical properties, intake, and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 62(suppl):659–669

    Google Scholar 

  27. Khanapure SP, Garvey DS, Janero DR, Letts LG (2007) Eicosanoids in inflammation: biosynthesis, pharmacology, and therapeutic frontiers. Current Topics Med Chem 7:311–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Galli C, Simopulos AP, Tremoli E (1994) Fatty acids and lipids: biological aspects. World Rev Nutr Diet 75:175–192

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dinarello CA (2011) Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood 117:3720–3732

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Popa C, Netea MG, van Riel PLCM, van der Meer JWM, Stalenhoef AFH (2007) The role of TNF-α in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. J Lipid Res 48:751–762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China

    Guipu Li & Duo Li

  2. Empire Clinic, Perth, WA, 6005, Australia

    Anish Singh

  3. School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia

    Yandi Liu & Bruce Sunderland

Authors
  1. Guipu Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anish Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yandi Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bruce Sunderland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Duo Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Duo Li.

About this article

Cite this article

Li, G., Singh, A., Liu, Y. et al. Comparative Effects of Sandalwood Seed Oil on Fatty Acid Profiles and Inflammatory Factors in Rats. Lipids 48, 105–113 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-012-3752-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-012-3752-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation