Abstract
PUFA are susceptible to oxidation. However, the chain-reaction of lipid peroxidation can be interrupted by antioxidants. Whether an increased concentration of PUFA in the body leads to decreased antioxidant capacity and/or increased consumption of antioxidants is not known. To elucidate the relationship between plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the concentration of antioxidant vitamins, and the proportion of PUFA in red blood cells (RBC), plasma TAC was measured by a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay in blood samples from 99 Icelandic women. Concentrations of tocopherols and carotenoids in the plasma were determined by HPLC, and the FA composition of RBC total lipids was analyzed by GC. Plasma TAC and the plasma concentration of α-tocopherol correlated positively with the proportion of total n−3 PUFA, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 in RBC, whereas the plasma lycopene concentration correlated negatively with the proportion of total n−3 PUFA and 20∶5n−3. On the other hand, plasma TAC correlated negatively with the proportion of n−6 PUFA in RBC. Plasma TAC also correlated positively with the plasma concentration of α-tocopherol, alcohol consumption, and age. Both the plasma concentration of α-tocopherol and age correlated positively with the proportion of n−3 PUFA in RBC; however, n−3 PUFA contributed independently to the correlation with plasma TAC. Because the proportion of n−3 PUFA in RBC reflects the consumption of n−3 PUFA, these results suggest that dietary n−3 PUFA do not have adverse effects on plasma TAC or the plasma concentration of most antioxidant vitamins.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AA:
-
arachidonic acid
- ABTS+ :
-
2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline) radical cation
- PI:
-
peroxidizability index
- RBC:
-
red blood cells
- TAC:
-
total antioxidant capacity
- TIBC:
-
total iron-binding capacity
References
Liu, J., Yeo, H.C., Doniger, S.J., and Ames, B.N. (1997) Assay of Aldehydes from Lipid Peroxidation: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Compared to Thiobarbituric Acid. Anal. Biochem. 245, 161–166.
Nakamura, N., Kumasaka, R., Osawa, H., Yamabe, H., Shirato, K., Fujita, T., Murakami, R., Shimada, M., Nakamura, M., Okumura, K. et al. (2005) Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acids on Oxidative Stress and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition in Patients with Lupus Nephritis. In Vivo 19, 879–882.
Barbosa, D.S., Cecchini, R., El Kadri, M.Z., Rodriguez, M.A., Burini, R.C., and Dichi I. (2003) Decreased Oxidative Stress in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Supplemented with Fish Oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Nutrition 19, 837–842.
Roberts, W.G., Gordon, M.H., and Walker, A.F. (2003) Effects of Enhanced Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables on Plasma Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Resistance of LDL in Smokers Supplemented with Fish Oil. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 1303–1310.
Grundt, H., Nilsen, D.W., Mansoor, M.A., and Nordoy, A. (2003) Increased Lipid Peroxidation During Long-Term Intervention with High Doses of n−3 Fatty Acids (PUFAs) Following an Acute Myocardial Infarction. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 793–800.
Mabile, L., Piolot, A., Boulet, L., Fortin, L.J., Doyle, N., Rodriguez, C., Davignon, J., Blache, D., and Lussier-Cacan, S. (2001) Moderate Intake of n−3 Fatty Acids Is Associated with Stable Erythrocyte Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Hypertriglyceridemic Subjects, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 449–456.
Turley, E., Wallace, J.M., Gilmore, W.S., and Strain, J.J. (1998) Fish Oil Supplementation With and Without Added Vitamin E Differentially Modulates Plasma Antioxidant Concentrations in Healthy Women. Lipids 33, 1163–1167.
Vericel, E., Polette, A., Bacot, S., Calzada, C., and Lagarde, M. (2003) Pro- and Antioxidant Activities of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Human Blood Platelets, J. Thromb. Haemost. 1, 566–572.
Higdon, J.V., Liu, J., Du, S.H., Morrow, J.D., Ames, B.N., and Wander, R.C. (2000) Supplementation of Postmenopausal Women with Fish Oil Rich in Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Is not Associated with Greater in vivo Lipid Peroxidation Compared with Oils Rich in Oleate and Linoleate as Assessed by Plasma Malondialdehyde and F2-Isoprostanes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 714–722.
Hibbeln, J.R., Makino, K.K., Martin, C.E., Dickerson, F., Boronow, J., and Fenton, W.S. (2003) Smoking, Gender, and Dietary Influences on Erythrocyte Essential Fatty Acid Composition Among Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Biol. Psychiatry 53, 431–441.
Suresh, M.V., Menon, B., and Indira, M. (2000) Effects of Exogenous Vitamin C on Ethanol Toxicity in Rats, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 44, 401–410.
Mackenzie, G., Mackenzie, J., and McCollum, E. (1941) Uncomplicated Vitamin E Deficiency in the Rabbit and Its Relation to the Toxicity of Cod Liver Oil, J. Nutr. Sci. 21, 225–234.
Meydani, M., Natiello, F., Goldin, B., Free, N., Woods, M., Schaefer, E., Blumberg, J.B., and Gorbach, S.L. (1991) Effect of Long-Term Fish Oil Supplementation on Vitamin E Status and Lipid Peroxidation in Women, J. Nutr. 121, 484–491.
Nair, P.P., Judd, J.T., Berlin, E., Taylor, P.R., Shami, S., Sainz, E., and Bhagavan, H.N. (1993) Dietary Fish Oil-Induced Changes in the Distribution of α-Tocopherol, Retinol, and β-Carotene in Plasma, Red Blood Cells, and Platelets: Modulation by Vitamin E, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 98–102.
Wander, R.C., and Du, S.H. (2000) Oxidation of Plasma Proteins Is Not Increased After Supplementation with Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 731–737.
Garrido, A., Garate, M., and Valenzuela, A. (1993) Changes in the Antioxidant Capacity of Blood Plasma Are Produced After the Ingestion of High Doses of Fish Oil, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 82, 367–370.
Miyasaka, C.K., Mendonca, J.R., Nishiyama, A., de Souza, J.A., Pires de Melo, M., Pithon-Curi, T.C., and Curi, R. (2001) Comparative Effects of Fish Oil Given by Gavage and Fish Oil-Enriched Diet on Leukocytes, Life Sci. 69, 1739–1751.
Yaqoob, P., Pala, H.S., Cortina-Borja, M., Newsholme, E.A., and Calder, P.C. (2000) Encapsulated Fish Oil Enriched in α-Tocopherol Alters Plasma Phospholipid and Mononuclear Cell Fatty Acid Compositions but Not Mononuclear Cell Functions, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 30, 260–274.
Wheaton, D.H., Hoffman, D.R., Locke, K.G., Watkins, R.B., and Birch, D.G. (2003) Biological Safety Assessment of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation in a Randomized Clinical Trial for X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa, Arch. Ophthalmol. 121, 1269–1278.
Lesgards, J.F., Durand, P., Lassarre, M., Stocker, P., Lesgards, G., Lanteaume, A., Prost, M., and Lehucher-Michel, M.P. (2002) Assessment of Lifestyle Effects on the Overall Antioxidant Capacity of Healthy Subjects, Environ. Health Perspect. 110, 479–486.
Rice-Evans, C., and Miller, N.J. (1994) Total Antioxidant Status in Plasma and Body Fluids, Methods Enzymol. 234, 279–293.
Su, Q., Rowley, K.G., and O'Dea, K. (1999) Stability of Individual Carotenoids, Retinol and Tocopherols in Human Plasma During Exposure to Light and After Extraction, J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 729, 191–198.
Rose, H.G., and Oklander, M. (1965) Improved Procedure for the Extraction of Lipids from Human Erythrocytes, J. Lipid Res. 63, 428–431.
Glatz, J.F., Soffers, A.E., and Katan, M.B. (1989) Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Cholesteryl Esters and Erythrocyte Membranes as Indicators of Linoleic Acid Intake in Man, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49, 269–276.
Steingrimsdottir, L., Thorgeirsdottir, H., and Olafsdottir, A. (2002) The Diet of Icelanders, Dietary Survey of the Icelandic Nutrition Council 2002, Main Findings, Icelandic Nutrition Council, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Thies, F., Nebe-von-Caron, G., Powell, J.R., Yaqoob, P., Newsholme, E.A., and Calder, P.C. (2001) Dietary Supplementation with Eicosapentaenoic Acid, but Not with Other Long-Chain n−3 or n−6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Decreases Natural Killer Cell Activity in Healthy Subjects Aged >55 y, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73, 539–548.
Allard, J.P., Kurian, R., Aghdassi, E., Muggli, R., and Royall, D. (1997) Lipid Peroxidation During n−3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin E Supplementation in Humans, Lipids 32, 535–541.
Sarkadi-Nagy, E., Huang, M.C., Diau, G.Y., Kirwan, R., Chueh Chao, A., Tschanz, C., and Brenna, J.T. (2003) Long Chain Polyunsaturate Supplementation Does Not Induce Excess Lipid Peroxidation of Piglet Tissues. Eur. J. Nutr. 42, 293–296.
Aejmelaeus, R.T., Holm, P., Kaukinen, U., Metsa-Ketela, T.J., Laippala, P., Hervonen, A.L., and Alho, H.E. (1997) Age-Related Changes in the Peroxyl Radical Scavenging Capacity of Human Plasma. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23, 69–75.
Hyland, P., Duggan, O., Turbitt, J., Coulter, J., Wikby, A., Johansson, B., Tompa, A., Barnett, C., and Barnett, Y. (2002) Nonagenarians from the Swedish NONA Immune Study Have Increased Plasma Antioxidant Capacity and Similar Levels of DNA Damage in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Compared to Younger Control Subjects, Exp. Gerontol. 37, 465–473.
Skuladottir, G.V., Gudmundsdottir, S., Olafsson, G.B., Sigurdsson, S.B., Sigfusson, N., and Axelsson, J. (1995) Plasma Fatty Acids and Lipids in Two Separate, but Genetically Comparable, Icelandic Populations, Lipids 30, 649–655.
Perez, D.D., Strobel, P., Foncea, R., Diez, M.S., Vasquez, L., Urquiaga, I., Castillo, O., Cuevas, A., San Martin, A., and Leighton, F. (2002) Wine, Diet, Antioxidant Defenses, and Oxidative Damage, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 957, 136–145.
Leighton, F., Cuevas, A., Guasch, V., Perez, D.D., Strobel, P., San Martin, A., Urzua, U., Diez, M.S., Foncea, R., Castillo, O. et al. (1999) Plasma Polyphenols and Antioxidants, Oxidative DNA Damage and Endothelial Function in a Diet and Wine Intervention Study in Humans. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 25, 133–141.
Duthie, G.G., Pedersen, M.W., Gardner, P.T., Morrice, P.C., Jenkinson, A.M., McPhail, D.B., and Steele, G.M. (1998) The Effect of Whisky and Wine Consumption on Total Phenol Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Plasma from Healthy Volunteers, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 733–736.
Whitehead, T.P., Robinson, D., Allaway, S., Syms, J., and Hale, A. (1995) Effect of Red Wine Ingestion on the Antioxidant Capacity of Serum, Clin. Chem. 41, 32–35.
Cao, G., Russell, R.M., Lischner, N., and Prior, R.L. (1998) Serum Antioxidant Capacity Is Increased by Consumption of Strawberries, Spinach, Red Wine or Vitamin C in Elderly Women, J. Nutr. 128, 2383–2390.
van der Gaag, M.S., van den Berg R., van den Berg, H., Schaafsma, G., and Hendriks, H.F. (2000) Moderate Consumption of Beer, Red Wine and Spirits Has Counteracting Effects on Plasma Antioxidants in Middle-Aged Men, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 586–591.
Serafini, M., Maiani, G., and Ferro-Luzzi, A. (1998) Alcohol-Free Red Wine Enhances Plasma Antioxidant Capacity in Humans, J. Nutr. 128, 1003–1007.
Carbonneau, M.A., Leger, C.L., Monnier, L., Bonnet, C., Michel, F., Fouret, G., Dedieu, F., and Descomps, B. (1997) Supplementation with Wine Phenolic Compounds Increases the Antioxidant Capacity of Plasma and Vitamin E of Low-Density Lipoprotein Without Changing the Lipoprotein Cu2+-Oxidizability: Possible Explanation by Phenolic Location, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 682–690.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Thorlaksdottir, A.Y., Skuladottir, G.V., Petursdottir, A.L. et al. Positive association between plasma antioxidant capacity and n−3 PUFA in red blood cells from women. Lipids 41, 119–125 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5079-5
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5079-5