Abstract
There have been conflicting reports regarding the effectiveness of dietary nucleotides (NT) to regulate tissue desaturases and hence stimulate accumulation of both n−6 and n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of NT-supplemented cow's milk-based formula on erythrocyte phospholipid FA status in a large randomized controlled trial involving a well-nourished infant population born at term. Formula-fed infants were allocated to control formula with an innate level of NT at 10 mg/L (n=102), or formula fortified with NT at 34 mg/L (n=98). A parallel group of breastfed infants was included as a reference. Peripheral blood samples were collected by venipuncture at 7 mon of age and erythrocyte phospholipid FA determined by capillary GC. Erythrocyte LCPUFA levels did not differe between the NT-supplemented and control formula groups and were reduced in both groups compared with breastfed infants. We conclude that there is no induction of LCPUFa accumulation in erythrocyte phospholipids of term, formula-fed infants following 7 mon of NT supplementation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ALA:
-
α-linolenic acid
- LA:
-
linoleic acid
- LCPUFA:
-
long-chain PUFA
- NT:
-
nucleotide
- RCT:
-
randomized controlled trial
References
Carver, J.D. (1999) Dietary Nucleotides: Effects on the Immune and Gastrointestinal Systems, Acta Paediatr. Suppl 430, 83–88.
Leach, J.L., Baxter, J.H., Molitor, B.E., Ramstack, M.B., and Masor, M.L. (1995) Total Potentially Available Nucleosides of Human Milk by Stage of Lactation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 1224–1230.
Yu, V.Y. (2002) Scientific Rationale and Benefits of Nucleotide Supplementation of Infant Formula, J. Paediatr. Child Health 38, 543–549.
Carver, J.D., Pimentel, B., Cox, W.I., and Barness, L.A. (1991) Dietary Nucleotide Effects upon Immune Function in Infants, Pediatrics 88, 359–363.
Pickering, L.K., Granoff, D.M., Erickson, J.R., Masor, M.L., Cordle, C.T., Schaller, J.P., Winship, T.R., Paule, C.L., and Hilty, M.D. (1998) Modulation of the Immune System by Human Milk and Infant Formula Containing Nucleotides, Pediatrics 101, 242–249.
Schaller, J.P., Kuchan, M.J., Thomas, D.L., Cordle, C.T., Winship, T.R., Buck, R.H., Baggs, G.E., and Wheeler, J.G. (2004) Effect of Dietary Ribonucleotides on Infant Immune Status. Part 1: Humoral Responses, Pediatr. Res. 56, 883–890.
Yau, K.I., Huang, C.B., Chen, W., Chen, S.J., Chou, Y.H., Huang, F.Y., Kua, K.E., Chen, N., McCue, M., Alarcon, P.A., et al. (2003) Effect of Nucleotides on Diarrhea and Immune Responses in Healthy Term Infants in Taiwan, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr 36, 37–43.
Gil, A., Corral, E., Martinez, A., and Molina, J.A. (1986) Effects of the Addition of Nucleotides to an Adapted Milk Formula on the Microbial Pattern of Faeces in At-Term Newborn Infants, J. Clin. Nutr. Gastroenterol, 127–132.
Cosgrove, M., Davies, D.P., and Jenkins, H.R. (1996) Nucleotide Supplementation and the Growth of Term Small for Gestational Age Infants, Arch. Dis. Child 74, F122.
DeLucchi, C., Pita, M.L., Faus, M.J., Molina, J.A., Uauy, R., and Gil, A. (1987) Effects of Dietary Nucleotides on the Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocyte Membrane Lipids in Term Infants, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr 6, 568–574.
Gil, A., Lozano, E., De Lucchi, C., Maldonado, J., Molina, J.A., and Pita, M. (1988) Changes in the Fatty Acid Profiles of Plasma Lipid Fractions Induced by Dietary Nucleotides in Infants Born at Term, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr 42, 473–481.
Axelsson, I., Flodmark, C.E., Räihä, N., Tacconi, M., Visentin, M., Minoli, I., Moro, G., and Warm, A. (1997) The Influence of Dietary Nucleotides on Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acids and Plasma Lipids in Preterm Infants, Acta Paediatr. 86, 539–544.
Woltil, H.A., van Beusekom, C.M., Siemensma, A.D., Muskiet, F.A.J., and Okken, A. (1995) Erythrocyte and Plasma Cholesterol Ester Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Low-Birth-Weight Babies Fed Preterm Formula With And Without Ribonucleotides: Comparison with Human Milk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 943–949.
Hernell, O., and Lonnerdal, B. (2002) Iron Status of Infants Fed Low-Iron Formula: No Effect of Added Bovine Lactoferrin or Nucleotides, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 858–864.
Gibson, R.A., and Makrides, M. (2000) n−3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Requirements of Term Infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 251S-255S.
Makrides, M., Neumann, M., Simmer, K., Pater, J., and Gibson, R.A. (1995) Are Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Essential Nutrients in Infancy? Lancet 345, 1463–1468.
Willatts, P., Forsyth, J.S., DiModugno, M.K., Varma, S., and Colvin, M. (1998) Effect of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Infant Formula on Problem Solving at 10 Months of Age, Lancet 352, 688–691.
Birch, E.E., Garfield, S., Hoffman, D.R., Uauy, R., and Birch, D.G. (2000) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Dietary Supply of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mental Development in Term Infants, Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 42, 174–181.
Makrides, M., Hawkes, J., Roberton, D., and Gibson, R. (2004) The Effect of Dietary Nucleotide Supplementation on Growth and Immune Function in Term Infants: A Randomised Controlled Trial, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 13, S58.
Makrides, M., Neumann, M.A., and Gibson, R.A. (1996) Effect of Maternal Docosahexanoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation on Breast Milk Composition, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 50, 352–357.
Makrides, M., Neumann, M.A., Jeffrey, B., Lien, E.L., and Gibson, R.A. (2000) A Randomized Trial of Different Ratios of Linoleic to α-Linolenic Acid in the Diet of Term Infants: Effects on Visual Function and Growth, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 120–129.
Pita, M.L., Fernandez, M.R., De Lucchi, C., Medina, A., Martinez Valverde, A., Uauy, R., and Gil, A. (1988) Changes in the Fatty Acids Pattern of Red Blood Cell Phospholipids Induced by Type of Milk, Dietary Nucleotide Supplementation, and Postnatal Age in Preterm Infants, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 7, 740–747.
Makrides, M., Neumann, M.A., Simmer, K., and Gibson, R.A. (1999) Dietary Long Chain Polyunsatured Fatty Acids (LC-PUFA) Do Not Influence Growth of Term Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Pediatrics 104, 468–475.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Gibson, R.A., Hawkes, J.S. & Makrides, M. Dietary nucleotides do not alter erythrocyte long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in formula-fed term infants. Lipids 40, 631–634 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1425-x
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-005-1425-x