Abstract
The sterol composition of Pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen responsible for life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, was determined. Our purpose was to identify pathway-specific enzymes to impair using sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. Prior to this study, cholesterol 15 (ca. 80% of total sterols), lanosterol 1, and several phytosterols common to plants (sitosterol 31, 24α-ethyl and campesterol, 24α-methyl 30) were demonstrated in the fungus. In this investigation, we isolated all the previous sterols and many new compounds from P. carinii by culturing the microorganism in steroid-immunosuppressed rats. Thirty-one sterols were identified from the fungus (total sterol=100 fg/cell), and seven sterols were identified from rat chow. Unusual sterols in the fungus not present in the diet included, 24(28)-methylenelanosterol 2; 24(28)E-ethylidene lanosterol 3; 24(28)Z-ethylidene lanosterol 4; 24β-ethyllanosta-25(27)-dienol 5; 24β-ethylcholest-7-enol 6; 24β-ethylcholesterol 7; 24β-ethylcholesta-5,25(27)-dienol 8; 24-methyllanosta-7-enol 9; 24-methyldesmosterol 10; 24(28)-methylenecholest-7-enol 11; 24β-methylcholest-7-enol 12; and 24β-methylcholesterol 13. The structural relationships of the 24-alkyl groups in the sterol side chain were demonstrated chromatographically relative to authentic specimens, by MS and high-resolution 1H NMR. The hypothetical order of these compounds poses multiple phytosterol pathways that diverge from a common intermediate to generate 24β-methyl sterols: route 1, 1→2→11→12→13; route 2, 1→2→9→10→13; or 24β-ethyl sterols: route 3, 1→2→4→6→7; route 4, 1→2→5→8→7. Formation of 3 is considered to form an interrupted sterol pathway. Taken together, operation of distinct sterol methyl transferase (SMT) pathways that generate 24β-alkyl sterols in P. carinii with no counterpart in human biochemistry suggests a close taxonomic affinity with fungi and provides a basis for mechanism-based inactivation of SMI enzyme to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- NSF:
-
nonsaponifiable lipid fraction
- RRT:
-
relative retention time of cholesterol
- SBI:
-
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
- SMT:
-
sterol methyl transferase
References
Furlong, S.T., Samia, J.A., Rose, R.M., and Fishman, J.A. (1994) Phytosterols Are Present in Pneumocystis carinii, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 2534–2540.
Kaneshiro, E.S., Ellis, J.E., Jayasimhulu, K., and Beach, D.H. (1994) Evidence for the Presence of “Metabolic Sterols” in Pneumocystis: Identification and Initial Characterization of Pneumocystis carinii Sterols, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 4, 78–85.
Kaneshiro, E.S., Amit, Z., Swonger, M.M., Kreishman, G.P., Brooks, E.E., Kreishman, M., Jayasimhulu, K., Parish, E.J., Sun, H., Kizito, S.A. et al. (1999) Pneumocysterol [(24Z)-ethylidenelanost-8-en-3β-ol], a Rare Sterol Detected in the Opportunistic Pathogen Pneumocystis carinii hominis: Structural Identity and Chemical Synthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 97–102.
Urbina, J.A., Visbal, G., Contreras, L.M., McLaughlin, G., and Docampo, R. (1997) Inhibitors of Δ24(25)-Sterol Methyl Transferase Block Sterol Synthesis and Cell Proliferation in Pneumocystis carinii, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1428–1432.
Nes, W.R., and Nes, W.D. (1980) Lipids in Evolution, Plenum Press, New York, 244 pp.
Gargas, A., DePriest, P.T., Grube, M., and Tehler, A. (1995) Multiple Origins of Lichen Symbioses in Fungi Suggested by SSU rDNA Phylogeny, Science 268, 1492–1495.
Cushion, M.T. (1998) Taxonomy, Genetic Organization, and Life Cycle of Pneumocystis carinii, Semin. Respir. Infect. 13, 304–312.
Bartlett, M.S., Queener, S.F., Shaw, M.M., Richardson, J.D., and Smith, J.W. (1994) Pneumocystis carinii Is Resistant to Imidazole Antifungal Agents, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1859–1861.
Hartman, M. (1998) Plant Sterols and the Membrane Environment, Trends Plant Sci. 3, 170–174.
Nes, W.D. (1987) Biosynthesis and Requirement for Sterols in the Growth and Reproduction of Oomycetes, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 325, 304–328.
Nes, W.D., Janssen, G.G., Crumley, F.G., Kalinowska, M., and Akihisa, T. (1993) The Structural Requirements of Sterol for Membrane Function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300, 724–733.
White, R.H., and McMorris, T.C. (1978) Biosynthetic Intermediates in the Conversion of Fucosterol and Oogoniol, Phytochemistry 17, 1800–1802.
Weete, J.D., Fuller, M.S., Huang, H.Q., and Gandhi, S. (1989) Fatty and Sterols of Selected Hypochytriomycetes and Chytridromycetes, Exp. Mycol. 13, 183–195.
Weete, J.D., and Gandhi, S.R. (1997) Sterols of the Phylum Zygomycota: Phylogenetic Implications, Lipids 32, 1309–1316.
Patterson, G.W. (1994) Phylogenetic Distribution of Sterols, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 562, 90–108.
Herber, R., Villoutreix, J., Granger, P., and Chapelle, S. (1983) Influence of l'Anaerobiose sur la Composition en Sterols de Mucor hiemalis, Can. J. Microbiol. 29, 606–611.
Abreu, P.M., Lobo, M., and Prabhakar, S. (1991) Revision of C-22, C-23 Configurations of Two Triterpenoids of the Fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, Phytochemistry 30, 3818–3819.
Li, S. (1996) Stereochemical Studies on the Metabolism of Sterols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain GL7. Master's Thesis. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, pp. 1–123.
Nes, W.D., Norton, R.A., Crumley, F.G., Madigan, S.J., and Katz, E.R. (1990) Sterol Phylogenesis and Algal Evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7565–7569.
Chen, F., and Cushion, M.T. (1994) Use of an ATP Bioluminescent Assay to Evaluate Viability of Pneumocystis carinii from Rats, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 2791–2800.
Cushion, M.T., Chen, F., and Kloepfer, N. (1997) A Cytotoxicity Assay for Evaluation of Candidate Anti-Pneumocystis Agents, Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 41, 379–384.
Norton, R.A., and Nes, W.D. (1991) Identification of Ergosta-6(7),8(14),25(27)-trien-3β-ol and Ergosta-5(6),7(8),25(27)-trien-3β-ol, Two New Steroidal Trienes Synthesized by Prototheca wickerhamii, Lipids 26, 247–249.
Guo, D., Venkatramesh, M., and Nes, W.D. (1995) Developmental Regulation of Sterol Biosynthesis in Zea mays, Lipids 30, 203–219.
Venkatramesh, M., Guo, D., Jia, Z., and Nes, W.D. (1996) Mechanism and Structural Requirements for Transformation of Substrates by the (S)-Adenosyl-l-methionine:Δ24(25)-Sterol Methyl Transferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1299, 313–324.
Nes, W.D., and Le, P.H. (1990) Evidence for Separate Intermediates in the Biosynthesis of 24β-Methyl Sterols End Products by Gibberella fujikuori, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1042, 119–125.
Nes, W.D., Xu, S., and Haddon, W.F. (1988) Evidence for Similarities and Differences in the Biosynthesis of Fungal Sterols, Steroids 53, 533–558.
Dennis, A.L., and Nes, W.D. (2002) Sterol Methyl Transferase. Evidence for Successive C-Methyl Transfer Reactions Generating Δ24(28)-Sterol- and Δ25(27)-Sterol by a Single Plant Enzyme, Tetrahedron Lett. 43, 7017–7021.
Nes, W.R., Krevitz, K., and Behzadan, S. (1976) Configuration at C-24 of 24-Methyl and 24-Ethylcholesterol, Lipids 11, 118–126.
Nes, W.R., Dhanuka, I.C., and Pinto, W.J. (1986) Evidence for Facilitated Transport in the Absorption of Sterols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lipids 21, 102–106.
Pinto, W.J., and Nes, W.R. (1983) Stereochemical Specificity for Sterols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4472–4476.
Florin-Christensen, M., Florin-Christensen, J., Wu, Y.P., Zhou, L., Gupta, A., Rudney, H., and Kaneshiro, E.S. (1994) Occurrence of Specific Sterols in Pneumocystis carinii, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 14, 236–242.
Kaneshiro, E.S., Rosenfeld, J.A., Basselin-Eiweida, M., Stringer, J.R., Keely, S.P., Smulian, A.G., and Giner, J.-L. (2002) The Pneumocystis carinii Drug Target S-Adenosyl-l-methionine: Sterol C-24 Methyl Transferase Has a Unique Substrate Preference, Mol. Microbiol. 44, 989–999.
Nes, W.D. (2000) Sterol Methyl Transferase: Enzymology and Inhibition, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1529, 63–88.
Nes, W.D., McCourt, B.S., Zhou, W., Ma, J., Marshall, J.A., Peek, L.-A., and Brennan, M. (1998) Overexpression, Purification, and Stereochemical Studies of the Recombinant (S)-Adenosyl-l-methionine: Δ24(25)- to Δ24(28)-Sterol Methyl Transferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 353, 297–311.
Nes, W.D., McCourt, B.S., Marshall, J.A., Ma, J., Dennis, A.L., Lopez, M., and Le, H. (1999) Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Sterol Methyl Transferase Active Site from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Results in Formation of Novel 24-Ethyl Sterols, J. Org. Chem. 64, 1535–1542.
Nes, W.D., Marshall, J.A., Jia, Z., Jaradat, T.T., Song, Z., and Jayasimha, P. (2002) Active Site Mapping and Substrate Channeling in the Sterol Methyl Transferase Pathway, J. Biol. Chem. 277, 42549–42556.
Kagan, R.M., and Clarke, S. (1994) Widespread Occurrence of Three Sequence Motifs in Diverse S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methyl Transferases Suggests a Common Structure for These Enzymes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 310, 41–427.
Niewmierzycka, A., and Clarke, S. (1999) S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Biol. Chem. 274, 814–824.
Hrmova, M., and Fincher, G.B. (2001) Plant Enzyme Structure. Explaining Substrate Specificity and the Evolution of Function, Plant Physiol. 125, 54–57.
Bouvier-Nave, P., Husselstein, T., and Benveniste, P. (1998) Two Families of Sterol Methyl Transferase Are Involved in the First and the Second Methylation Steps of Plant Sterol Biosynthesis, Eur. J. Biochem. 256, 88–96.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, W., Nguyen, T.T.M., Collins, M.S. et al. Evidence for multiple sterol methyl transferase pathways in Pneumocystis carinii . Lipids 37, 1177–1186 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-002-1018-8
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-002-1018-8