Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol-6000 in wild jujube, Ziziphus lotus. One-month-old, hydroponically grown seedlings were subjected to three treatments, i.e. normal watering (−0.2 MPa), moderate (−1.2 MPa) and severe (−2.1 MPa) drought stress for 14 days under controlled climatic conditions. Plant growth was markedly reduced with increasing osmotic stress. The shoot water potential (Ψw) and leaf relative water content followed similar patterns and significantly decreased with increasing osmolality of solutions. As a consequence of drought, contents in proline and soluble sugars were found to be more elevated in leaves than in roots. The level of lipid peroxidation in terms of malonyldialdehyde contents increased in both leaves and roots of drought-stressed plants. Wild jujube displayed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes in the roots than in the leaves. Catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities increased significantly in drought-stressed roots, whereas ascorbate peroxidase activity showed a slight decline with no significant changes. These findings suggest that Z. lotus was able to adapt to severe drought stress by accumulation of compatible solutes and by activation of free radical-scavenging enzymes. Overall, defence mechanisms in Z. lotus against oxidative stress are organized differently in plant tissues, with higher solute accumulation in leaves and increased activity of antioxidants in roots, during drought stress.
Abbreviations
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- DM:
-
Dry mass
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- FM:
-
Fresh mass
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- POD:
-
Guaiacol peroxidase
- RWC:
-
Relative water content
- Ψw :
-
Water potential
- TM:
-
Turgid mass
References
Aebi H (1984) Catalase: in vitro. In: Colowick SP, Kaplan NO (eds) Methods in Enzymology, Vol 105. Academic Press, New York, pp 121–126
Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373–399
Arndt SK, Wanek W, Clifford SC, Popp M (2000) Contrasting adaptations to drought stress in field-grown Ziziphus mauritiana and Prunus persica trees: water relations, osmotic adjustment and carbon isotope composition. Aust J Plant Physiol 27:985–996
Arndt SK, Clifford SC, Wanek W, Jones HG, Popp M (2001) Physiological and morphological adaptations of the fruit tree Ziziphus rotundifolia in response to progressive drought stress. Tree Physiol 21:705–715
Arnon DI, Hoagland DR (1940) Crop production in artificial solutions and in soils with special reference to factors affecting yields and absorption of inorganic nutrient. Soil Sci 50:463–484
Attipali RR, Kolluru VC, Munusamy V (2004) Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol 161:1189–1202
Bacelar EA, Santos DL, Moutinho-Pereira JM, Goncalves BC, Ferreira HF, Correia CM (2006) Immediate responses and adaptative strategies of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes: changes on structure and chemical composition of foliage and oxidative damage. Plant Sci 170:596–605
Bacelar EA, Moutinho – Pereira JM, Goncalves BC, Ferreira HF, Correia CM (2007) Changes in growth, gas exchange, xylem hydraulic properties and water use efficiency of three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes. Environ Exp Bot 60:183–192
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare IK (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–208
Ben Ahmed Ch, Ben Rouina B, Sensoy S, Boukhris M, Ben Abdallah F (2009) Changes in gas exchange, proline accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities in three olive cultivars under contrasting water availability regimes. Environ Exp Bot 67:345–352
Bian S, Jiang Y (2009) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Sci Hortic 120:264–270
Blokhina O, Virolainen E, Fagerstedt KV (2003) Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress. Ann Bot 91:179–194
Blum A, Munns R, Passioura JB, Turner NC (1996) Genetically engineered plants resistant to soil dry and salt stress: how to interpret osmotic relations? Plant Physiol 110:1050–1053
Bohnert HJ, Jenson RG (1996) Strategies for engineering water stress tolerance in plants. Trends Biotech 14:89–97
Borgi W, Chouchane N (2009) Anti-spasmodic effects of Zizyphus lotus (L.) Desf. extracts on isolated rat duodenum. J Ethnopharmacol 126:571–573
Borgi W, Recio MC, Rios JL, Chouchane N (2008) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of flavonoid and saponin fractions from Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam. S Afr J Bot 74:320–324
Boussadia O, Ben Mariem F, Mechri B, Boussetta W, Braham M, Ben El Hadj S (2008) Response to drought of two olive tree cultivars (cv Koroneki and Meski). Sci Hortic 116:388–393
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Chance B, Maehly AC (1955) Assay of catalases and peroxidases. Methods Enzymol 2:764–775
Choudhary R, Sankhla N, Trivedi S, Joshi S (1996) Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, osmoregulatory solutes and enzyme activities in ber (Ziziphus rotundifolia) under moisture stress. Proc Plant Growth Regul Soc Am 23:206–210
Clifford SC, Arndt SK, Corlett JE, Joshi S, Sankhla N, Popp M, Jones HG (1998) The role of solute accumulation, osmotic adjustment and changes in cell wall elasticity in drought tolerance in cell wall elasticity in drought tolerance in Ziziphus mauritiana (Lamk.). J Exp Bot 49:967–977
DaCosta M, Huang B (2007) Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation for bentgrass species in responses to drought stress. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 132:319–326
De Smedt S, Cuní Sanchez A, Van den Bilcke N, Simbo D, Potters G, Samson R (2012) Functional responses of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seedlings to drought conditions: differences between western and south-eastern Africa. Environ Exp Bot 75:181–187
Dichio B, Romano M, Nuzzo V, Xiloyannis C (2002) Soil water availability and relationship between canopy and roots in young olive trees (cv Coratina). Acta Hortic 586:255–258
Dichio B, Xiloyannis C, Sofo A, Montanaro G (2005) Osmotic regulation in leaves and roots of olives trees during a water deficit and rewatering. Tree Physiol 26:179–185
Foyer CH, Noctor G (2005) Oxidant and antioxidant signalling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ 28:1056–1071
Foyer CH, Lopez-Delgado H, Dat JF, Scott IM (1997) Hydrogen peroxide- and glutathione-associated mechanisms of acclamatory stress tolerance and signaling. Plant Physiol 100:241–254
Gindaba J, Rozanov A, Negash L (2004) Response of seedlings of two Eucalyptus and three deciduous tree species from Ethiopia to severe water stress. For Ecol Manag 201:119–129
Gorai M, Maraghni M, Neffati M (2010) The relationship between phenological traits and water potential patterns of the wild jujube Ziziphus lotus in southern Tunisia. Plant Ecol Divers 3:273–280
Guo Z, Ou W, Lu S, Zhong Q (2006) Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiol Biochem 44:828–836
Guo Z, Huang EM, Lu ES, Yaqing EZ, Zhong EQ (2007) Differential response to paraquat induced oxidative stress in two rice cultivars on antioxidants and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Acta Physiol Plant 29:39–46
Hassine AB, Lutts S (2010) Differential responses of salt bush Atriplex halimus L. exposed to salinity and water stress in relation to senescing hormones abscisic acid and ethylene. Plant Physiol 167:1448–1456
Hewitt EJ (1966) Sand and water culture methods used in the study of plant nutrition. Commonw Bur Hort Tech Com 22:431–446
Hudges DM, Delong JM, Forney FC, Prange RK (1999) Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207:604–611
Ingram J, Bartels D (1996) The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:377–403
Jacobson L (1951) Maintenance of iron supply in nutrient solutions by a single addition of ferric-potassium-ethylene-diamine-tetracetate. Plant Physiol 26:411–413
Jones HG (1999) Selection of drought-tolerant fruit trees for summer rainfall regions of Southern Africa and India. European Commission STD-3, Brussels, Belgium, CTA, pp 118–120
Kulkarni M, Schneider B, Raveh E, Tel-Zur N (2010) Leaf anatomical characteristics and physiological responses to short-term drought in Ziziphus mauritiana (Lamk.). Sci Hortic 124:316–322
Larcher W (2003) Physiological plant ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York
Le Floc’h E (1983) Contribution a une étude ethnobotanique de la flore de la Tunisie. Imprimerie officielle de la Republique Tunisienne, Tunis
Ludlow MM, Muchow RC (1990) A critical evaluation of traits for improving crop yields in water-limited environments. Adv Agron 43:107–153
Maraghni M, Gorai M, Neffati M (2010) Seed germination at different temperatures and water stress levels, and seedling emergence from different depths of Ziziphus lotus. S Afr J Bot 76:453–459
Maraghni M, Gorai M, Neffati M (2011) The influence of water-deficit stress on growth, water relations and solute accumulation in wild jujube (Ziziphus lotus). J Ornam Hortic Plant 1:63–72
Marnett LJ (1999) Lipid peroxidation—DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutat Res 424:83–95
Michel BE, Kaufmann MR (1973) The osmotic potential of polyethylene glycol-6000. Plant Physiol 51:914–916
Mittler R (2002) Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 9:405–410
Moller IM, Jensen PE, Hansson A (2007) Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58:459–481
Nakano Y, Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 22:867–880
Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:249–279
Pareek OP (2001) Fruits for the Future 2: Ber. International Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of Southampton, Southampton
Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. J Exp Bot 55:1743–1750
Sankhla N (1998) Work done in India. In: Jones HG (ed) Selection of drought tolerant fruit trees for summer rainfall regions of Southern Africa and India. EU-STD, Brussels, Belgium
Schwanz P, Polle A (2001) Differential stress responses of antioxidative system to drought in Quercus robur and Pinus pinaster grown under high CO2 concentrations. J Exp Bot 52:133–143
Serraj R, Sinclair TR (2002) Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell Environ 25:333–341
Sofo A, Dichio B, Xiloyannis C, Masia A (2004) Effects of different irradiance levels on some antioxidant enzymes and on malondialdehyde content during rewatering in olive tree. Plant Sci 166:293–302
Sofo A, Manfreda S, Dichio B, Florentino M, Xiloyannis C (2007) The olive tree: a paradigm for drought tolerance in Mediterranean climates. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Disc 4:2811–2835
Sundaresan S, Sudhakaran PR (1995) Water stress-induced alterations in the proline metabolism of drought-susceptible and -tolerant cassava (Maniohot esculenta) cultivars. Plant Physiol 94:635–642
Todaka D, Matsushima H, Morohashi Y (2000) Water stress enhances beta-amylase activity in cucumber cotyledons. Environ Exp Bot 51:739–745
Turkan I, Bor M, Ozdemir F, Koca H (2005) Differential responses of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaves of drought-tolerant P. acutifolius Gray and drought-sensitive P. vulgaris L. subjected to polyethylene glycol mediated water stress. Plant Sci 168:223–231
Yordanov I, Velikova V, Tsonev T (2000) Plant responses to drought, acclimation, and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica 38:171–186
Zhu JK (2002) Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Plant Biol 53:247–273
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by G. Bartosz.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maraghni, M., Gorai, M., Neffati, M. et al. Differential responses to drought stress in leaves and roots of wild jujube, Ziziphus lotus . Acta Physiol Plant 36, 945–953 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1473-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1473-9