Abstract
Root restriction was applied to ‘Summer black’ grape (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.) to investigate its effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry during development. Anthocyanin composition and expression patterns of 16 genes in anthocyanin pathway were thus analyzed. The results showed that the anthocyanin levels in berry skin were significantly increased and the anthocyanin profile was enriched. Gene expression pattern revealed that the increased anthocyanins coincide with the up-regulated expression of all 16 genes investigated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, chalcone synthase 1, chalcone synthase 2, chalcone synthase 3, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 1, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 2, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), di-hydroflavonol 4-reductase, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, O-methyltransferases (OMT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl-transferase (3GT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyl-transferase (5GT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The increased total anthocyanins predominantly resulted from the increase of tri-hydroxylated, methoxylated and mono-glycosylated rather than di-hydroxylated, non-methoxylated, and di-glycosylated forms, which might be due to the differential regulation of F3′5′H/F3′H, OMT and 3GT, respectively.
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Abbreviations
- TSS:
-
Total soluble solid
- TA:
-
Titratable acid
- Cy:
-
Cyanidin
- Pn:
-
Peonidin
- Dp:
-
Delphinidin
- Pt:
-
Petunidin
- Mv:
-
Malvidin
- Pg:
-
Pelargonidin
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- C4H:
-
Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase
- 4CL:
-
4-Coumarate CoA ligase
- CHS:
-
Chalcone synthase
- CHI:
-
Chalcone isomerase
- F3H:
-
Flavanone 3β-hydroxylase
- F3′H:
-
Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase
- F3′5′H:
-
Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase
- DFR:
-
Di-hydroflavonol 4-reductase
- LDOX:
-
Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase
- OMT:
-
O-Methyltransferase
- 3GT:
-
UDP-Glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase
- 5GT:
-
UDP-Glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase
- ACT:
-
Anthocyanin acyltransferase
- Glu:
-
Glucoside
- GST:
-
Glutathione S-transferase
- DAA:
-
Days after anthesis
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Special Funds of Modern Industrial Technology System for Agriculture (CARS-30) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31201580/C150101). We wish to thank Dr. Juan Xu from National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, for her comments and corrections.
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Communicated by L. Bavaresco.
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Wang, B., He, J., Bai, Y. et al. Root restriction affected anthocyanin composition and up-regulated the transcription of their biosynthetic genes during berry development in ‘Summer Black’ grape. Acta Physiol Plant 35, 2205–2217 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1257-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1257-2