Abstract
Nodularin, a cyclic hepatotoxic pentapeptide produced by the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena, induces oxidative stress in various organisms including higher plants and algae. We have monitored the physiological consequences of N. spumigena AV1 extract exposure on terrestrial plants, specifically focusing on the mitochondrial function of Spinacia oleracea L. Our results show that exposure of the plants to the nodularin-containing extract leads to significantly increased activity of respiratory complex I and citrate synthase, as well as increased accumulation of various subunits of respiratory enzyme complexes. Moreover, upregulation of the stress-induced alternative oxidase as well as the NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial ascorbate peroxidase was detected in the mitochondria of plants exposed to N. spumigena AV1 extract, while no difference in the carbonylation level of the mitochondrial proteins could be detected between the control and the exposed plants.
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Abbreviations
- AOX:
-
Alternative oxidase
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- ATPase:
-
ATP synthase β-subunit
- COX II:
-
Cytochrome oxidase II
- FW:
-
Fresh weight
- Idh:
-
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
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Acknowledgments
Dr. T. Tyystjärvi is thanked for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was financially supported by the Academy of Finland (130075, 118637 and 127764), the Alfred Kordelin Foundation (RH), the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (RH) and the Finnish Medical Foundation (JU). The authors thank Ms. Anja Heikkinen and Ms. Pirjo Keränen for their expert technical assistance.
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All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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Communicated by L. A. Kleczkowski.
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Shunmugam, S., Hinttala, R., Lehtimäki, N. et al. Nodularia spumigena extract induces upregulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Acta Physiol Plant 35, 969–974 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1119-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1119-3