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Formes familiales des cancers colorectaux : techniques diagnostiques

Familial forms of colorectal cancer: diagnostic methods

  • Dossier Thématique / Thematic File
  • Published:
Côlon & Rectum

Résumé

Les formes héréditaires de cancers colorectaux (CCR) comportent des formes polyposiques et non polyposiques. Les techniques diagnostiques de ces cancers concernent avant tout le syndrome de Lynch. Elles sont essentielles à connaître pour permettre une meilleure identification de ce type de cancer et éviter des retards diagnostiques, pouvant être très préjudiciables. La stratégie diagnostique du syndrome de Lynch repose sur la recherche d’une instabilité microsatellitaire (MSI) par biologie moléculaire associée à l’étude de l’expression des protéines du système MMR (mismatch repair) par immunohistochimie. Ces techniques sont complémentaires. Le statut MSI est presque constant dans le syndrome de Lynch et constitue un marqueur de dépistage, quoique non spécifique. L’immunohistochimie est très concordante avec le statut MSI et permet, en objectivant la perte d’une protéine donnée du système MMR, d’orienter vers le gène muté. En dehors du syndrome de Lynch, il n’existe pas de marqueur somatique, moléculaire ou immunohistochimique des différentes polyposes survenant dans un cadre héréditaire.

Abstract

Hereditary colorectal cancers encompass polyposis and non-polyposis syndromes. Diagnostic methods are mainly available for Lynch syndrome. These have to be well recognised so that this type of cancer can be better identified and to avoid delays in diagnosis which may be very damaging. The diagnostic strategy for Lynch syndrome is based on molecular biological techniques to identify microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemical study of the expression of proteins of the mismatch repair (MMR) system. These 2 techniques are complementary. MSI is nearly always present in Lynch syndrome and thus constitutes a good screening marker. However, it is not specific. Immunohistochemistry is strongly correlated to MSI status and may point towards the gene mutation by identifying the loss of a protein of the MMR system. For hereditary polyposis syndromes other than Lynch syndrome, there is no molecular or immunohistochemical somatic marker.

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Correspondence to F. Bibeau.

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Bibeau, F., Boissière, F. & Laurent-Puig, P. Formes familiales des cancers colorectaux : techniques diagnostiques. Colon Rectum 5, 179–184 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11725-011-0317-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11725-011-0317-2

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