Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Innovative hybrid reinforcement constituting conventional longitudinal steel and FRP stirrups for improved seismic strength and ductility of RC structures

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement is becoming increasingly attractive in construction of new structures. However, the inherent linear elastic behavior of FRP materials up to rupture is considered as a major drawback under seismic attacks when significant material inelasticity is required to dissipate the input energy through hysteretic cycles. Besides, cost considerations, including FRP material and construction of pre-fabricated FRP configurations, especially for stirrups, and probable damage to epoxy coated fibers when transported to the field are noticeable issues. The current research has proposed a novel economical hybrid reinforcement scheme for the next generation of infrastructures implementing on-site fabricated FRP stirrups comprised of FRP sheets. The hybrid reinforcement consists of conventional longitudinal steel reinforcement and FRP stirrups. The key feature of the proposed hybrid reinforcement is the enhanced strength and ductility owing to the considerable confining pressure provided by the FRP stirrups to the longitudinal steel reinforcement and core concrete. Reinforced concrete beam specimens and beamcolumn joint specimens were tested implementing the proposed hybrid reinforcement. The proposed hybrid reinforcement, when compared with conventional steel stirrups, is found to have higher strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation. Design methods, structural behavior, and applicability of the proposed hybrid reinforcement are discussed in detail in this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Koch G H, Brongers M P, Thompson N G, Virmani Y P, Payer J H. Corrosion costs and preventive strategies in the United States. Washington D C: FHWA, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  2. You Y M, Sneed L H, Belarbi A. Numerical simulation of partialdepth precast concrete bridge deck spalling. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 2011, 17(3): 528–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Fukuyama H, Masuda Y, Sonobe Y, Tanigaki M. (33 Structural Performances of Concrete Frame Reinforced with FPR Reinforcement. In Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures: Proceedings of the Second International RILEM Symposium. CRC Press, 1995, 29: 275

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Concrete Institute (ACI). Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars. ACI 440.1R–06, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006

  5. American Concrete Institute (ACI). Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.2R–02, Farmington Hills, MI, 2002

  6. CSA. Design and Construction of Building Components with Fiber- Reinforced Polymers. CSA S806–02, Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, Ont., Canada, 2002

  7. Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE). Recommendation for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Using Continuous Fiber Reinforcing Materials. Concrete Engineering Series 23, Tokyo: Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1997

  8. Nanni A. North American design guidelines for concrete reinforcement and strengthening using FRP: principles, applications and unresolved issues. Construction & Building Materials, 2003, 17(6): 439–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bank L C. Composites for Construction: Structural Design with FRP Materials. John Wiley and Sons, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  10. He R, Sneed L H, Belarbi A. Rapid repair of severely damaged RC columns with different damage conditions: An experimental study. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 2013, 7 (1): 35–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. ElGawady M, Endeshaw M, McLean D, Sack R. Retrof itting of rectangular columns with deficient lap splices. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2009, 14(1): 22–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Fakharifar M, Sharbatdar M K, Lin Z. Seismic Performance and Global Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Frames with CFRP Laminates Retrof itted Joints. In Structures Congress 2013@ sBridging Your Passion with Your Prof ession. ASCE, 2080–2093

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lau K, Zhou L. Mechanical performance of composite-strengthened concrete structures. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2001, 32(1): 21–31

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Fakharifar M, Sharbatdar M K, Lin Z, Dalvand A, Sivandi-Pour A, Chen G. Seismic performance and global ductility of RC frames rehabilitated with retrof itted joints by CFRP laminates. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2014, 13(1): 59–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fakharifar M, Lin Z B, Wu C L, Mahadik-Khanolkar S, Leventis N, Chen G D. Microstructural characteristics of polyurea and polyurethanexerogels for concrete confinement with FRP system. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 742: 237–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fakharifar M, Chen G, Lin Z, Woolsey Z. Behavior and strength of passively confined concrete filled tubes. In: Proceedings of the 10th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Anchorage, Alaska, July 21–25, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  17. De Lorenzis L, Nanni A. Bond between near-surface mounted fiberreinforced polymer rods and concrete in structural strengthening. ACI Structural Journal, 2002, 99(2)

    Google Scholar 

  18. De Lorenzis L, Nanni A. Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with near-surface mounted fiber-reinforced polymer rods. ACI Structural Journal, 2001, 98(1)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jalali M, Sharbatdar M K, Chen J F, Jandaghi Alaee F. Shear strengthening of RC beams using innovative manually made NSM FRP bars. Construction & Building Materials, 2012, 36: 990–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Breveglieri M, Barros J A, Dalfré G M, Aprile A. A parametric study on the effectiveness of the NSM technique for the flexural strengthening of continuous RC slabs. Composites. Part B, Engineering, 2012, 43(4): 1970–1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Capozucca R. Static and dynamic response of damaged RC beams strengthened with NSM CFRP rods. Composite Structures, 2009, 91 (3): 237–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Barris C, Torres L, Turon A, Baena M, Catalan A. An experimental study of the flexural behaviour of GFRP RC beams and comparison with prediction models. Composite Structures, 2009, 91(3): 286–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Capozucca R. Analysis of the experimental flexural behaviour of a concrete beam grid reinforced with C-FRP bars. Composite Structures, 2007, 79(4): 517–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Rafi M M, Nadjai A, Ali F, Talamona D. Aspects of behaviour of CFRP reinforced concrete beams in bending. Construction & Building Materials, 2008, 22(3): 277–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bentz E C, Massam L, Collins M P. Shear strength of large concrete members with FRP reinforcement. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2010, 14(6): 637–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Eitel A K. Performance of a GFRP Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: Case Western Reserve University, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lin Z, Fakhairfar M, Wu C, Chen G, Bevans W, Gunasekaran A V K, Sedighsarvestani S. Design, Construction and Load Testing of the Pat Daly Road Bridge in Washington County, MO, with Internal Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers Reinforcement (No. NUTC R275), 2013

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sharbatdar M K, Saatcioglu M, Benmokrane B. Seismic flexural behavior of concrete connections reinforced with CFRP bars and grids. Composite Structures, 2011, 93(10): 2439–2449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Nanni A. Flexural behavior and design of RC members using FRP reinforcement. Journal of Structural Engineering, 1993, 119(11): 3344–3359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Canadian Standards Association. Fibre Reinforced Structures, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC), Section 16, Standard CAN/CSA-S6–00 (Rexdale: Ont.: CSA International, 000).

  31. Tureyen A K, Frosch R J. Concrete shear strength: another perspective. ACI Structural Journal, 2003, 100(5): 609–615

    Google Scholar 

  32. American Concrete Institute ACI Committee. Building code requirements for structural concrete ACI 318-08 and commentary 318R-08. ACI 318–08/318R–08, Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 2008

  33. Kim W, El-Attar A, White R N. Small-scale modeling techniques for reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic loads, Report No. NCEER-88–0041, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State University of New York at Buffalo, November; 1989, available at http://mceer.buffalo.edu/pdf/report/88-0041.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  34. Noor F A, Boswell L F. Small Scale Modelling of Concrete Structures. Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1992

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 209 Pine Building, 1304 N. Pine Street, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA

    Mostafa Fakharifar, Genda Chen & Lesley Sneed

  2. Department of Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

    Ahmad Dalvand

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

    Mohammad K. Sharbatdar

Authors
  1. Mostafa Fakharifar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmad Dalvand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad K. Sharbatdar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Genda Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lesley Sneed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Genda Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fakharifar, M., Dalvand, A., Sharbatdar, M.K. et al. Innovative hybrid reinforcement constituting conventional longitudinal steel and FRP stirrups for improved seismic strength and ductility of RC structures. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 10, 44–62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-015-0295-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-015-0295-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation