Abstract
Many researches have been carried out to study the fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing crumb rubber as replacement to fine aggregate by volume, yet there is no specific guideline has been developed on the mix design of the rubbercrete. The experimental program, which has been developed and reported in this paper, is designed and executed to provide such mix design guidelines. A total of 45 concrete mixes with three different water to cement ratio (0.41, 0.57 and 0.68) were cast and tested for fresh and mechanical properties of rubbercrete such as slump, air content, unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Influence of mix design parameters such as percentage of crumb rubber replacement, cement content, water content, fine aggregate content, and coarse aggregate content were investigated. Three levels of slump value (for conventional concrete mixes) has been selected; low, medium and high slump. In each slump level, water content was kept constant. Equations for the reduction factors (RFs) for compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity have been developed. These RFs can be used to design rubbercrete mixes based on the conventional mix (0% crumb rubber content)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Khatib Z K, Bayomy FM. Rubberized portland cement concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1999, 11(3): 206–213
Batayneh M K, Marie I, Asi I. Promoting the use of crumb rubber concrete in developing countries. Journal of Waste management, 2008, 28: 2171–2176
Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu M, Özturan T. Properties of rubberized concretes containing silica fume. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34(12): 2309–2317
Sukontasukkul P, Chaikaew C. Properties of concrete pedestrian block mixed with crumb rubber. Journal of Construction and Building Material, 2006, 20(7): 450–457
Khatib Z K, Bayomy F M. Rubberized Portland Cement Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1999, 11(3): 206–213
Siddique R, Naik T R. Properties of concrete containing scrap tire rubber- an overview. Journal of Waste Management, 2004, 24(6): 563–569
Turatsinze A, Garros M. On the modulus of elasticity and strain capacity of self compacting concrete incorporating rubber aggregate. Journal of Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2008, 52(10): 1209–1215
Toutanji H A. The use of rubber tire particles in concrete to replace mineral aggregates. Journal of Cement & Concrete Composites, 1996, 18(2): 135–139
Raghavan D, Huynh H, Raghavan D. Workability, mechanical properties and chemical stability of a recycled tyre rubber-filled cementitious composite. Journal of Materials Science, 1998, 33(7): 1745–1752
Bignozzi M C, Sandrolini F. Tyre rubber waste recycling in selfcompacting concrete. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(4): 735–739
Khaloo A R, Dehestani M, Rahmatabadi P. Mechanical properties of concrete containing a high volume of tire-rubber particles. Journal of Waste Management, 2008, 28(12): 2472–2482
Mohammed B S, Azmi N J, Abdullahi M. Evaluation of rubbercrete based on ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer tests. Construction and Building Materials Journal, 2011, 25(3): 1388–1397
Mohammed B S, Azmi N J. Failure mode and modulus elasticity of concrete containing recycled tire rubber. Journal of Solid Waste Technology Management, 2011, 37(1): 16–24
Mohammed B S, Anwar Hossain K M, Eng Swee J T, Wong G, Abdullahi M. Properties of crumb rubber hollow concrete block. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2012, 23(1): 57–67
Fattuhi N I, Clark L A. Cement based materials containing shredded scrap truck tire rubber. Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 1996, 10(4): 229–236
Kaloush E K, Way G B, Zhu H. Properties of crumb rubber concrete. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2005, 1914(1): 8–14
Al-Akhras N M, Smadi M M. Properties of tire rubber ash mortar. Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites, 2004, 26(7): 821–826
Turgut P, Yesilata B. Physico mechanical and thermal performance of newly developed rubber added bricks. Journal of Energy and Building, 2008, 40(5): 679–688
Eldin N, Senouci A B. Rubber-tire particles as concrete aggregate. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1993, 5(4): 478–496
Ganjian E, Khorami M, Maghsoudi A A. Scrap tyre rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete. Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23(5): 1828–1836
Segre N, Joekes I. Use of tire rubber particles as addition to cement paste. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(9): 1421–1425
Zheng L, Sharon Huo X, Yuan Y. Experimental investigation on dynamic properties of rubberized concrete. Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 2008, 22(5): 939–947
Hernández-Olivares F, Barluenga G. Fire performance of recycled rubber filled high strength concrete. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34(1): 109–117
Topçu I B. The properties of rubberized concrete. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 1995, 25(2): 304–310
Papakonstantinou C G, Tobolski MJ. Use of waste tire steel beads in portland cement concrete. Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(9): 1686–1691
Snelson D G, Kinuthia J M, Davies P A, Chang S R. davies, P.A., and Chang, S.R. Sustainable construction: composite use of tyres and ash in concrete. Journal of Waste Management, 2009, 29(1): 360–367
Khaloo A R, Dehestani M, Rahmatabadi P. Mechanical properties of concrete containing a high volume of tire-rubber particles. Journal of Waste Management, 2008, 28(12): 2472–2482
Ganjian E, Khorami M, Maghsoudi A A. Scrap-tyer-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete. Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23(5): 1828–1836
Huynh H, Raghavan D. Durability of simulated shredded rubber tire in highly alkaline environments. Journal of Advanced Cement Based Materials, 1997, 6(3–4): 138–143
Sukontasukkul P. Use of crumb rubber to improve thermal and sound properties of pre-cast concrete panel. Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 2009, 23(2): 1084–1092
Mohammed, B. S. Structural behavior and m-k value of composite slab utilizing concrete containing crumb rubber. Journal of Construction and Building materials, 2010, 24: 1214–1221
Florida Method of Test for Testing of Ground Tire Rubber. 2004, FM 5-559
American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. ASTM C136. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1985
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammed, B.S., Azmi, N.J. Strength reduction factors for structural rubbercrete. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 8, 270–281 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-014-0265-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-014-0265-7