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Performance improvement of a pulse tube cryocooler with a single compressor through cascade utilization of cold energy

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Abstract

The high-frequency pulse tube cryocooler (HPTC) has been attracting increasing and widespread attention in the field of cryogenic technology because of its compact structure, low vibration, and reliable operation. The gas-coupled HPTC, driven by a single compressor, is currently the simplest and most compact structure. For HPTCs operating below 20 K, in order to obtain the mW cooling capacity, hundreds or even thousands of watts of electrical power are consumed, where radiation heat leakage accounts for a large proportion of their cooling capacity. In this paper, based on SAGE10, a HPTC heat radiation calculation model was first established to study the effects of radiation heat leakage on apparent performance parameters (such as temperature and cooling capacity), and internal parameters (such as enthalpy flow and gas distribution) of the gas-coupled HPTC. An active thermal insulation method of cascade utilization of the cold energy of the system was proposed for the gas-coupled HPTC. Numerical simulations indicate that the reduction of external radiation heat leakage cannot only directly increase the net cooling power, but also decrease the internal gross losses and increase the mass and acoustic power in the lower-temperature section, which further enhances the refrigeration performance. The numerical calculation results were verified by experiments, and the test results showed that the no-load temperature of the developed cryocooler prototype decreased from 15.1 K to 6.4 K, and the relative Carnot efficiency at 15.5 K increased from 0.029% to 0.996% when substituting the proposed active method for the traditional passive method with multi-layer thermal insulation materials.

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Abbreviations

A :

Area/m2

e :

Mass-specific total gas energy/J

F :

Pressure gradient/(Pa·m−1)

H :

Enthalpy flow/J

k :

Thermal conductivity/(W·m−1 · K−1)

L :

Length/m

m :

Mass/kg

P :

Pressure/Pa

q :

Heat flux vector/J

Q :

Heat/J

Q c :

Cooling power/J

Q cond :

Conduction leakage/J

Q rad :

Radiation heat leakage/J

R :

Ideal gas constant/(J·kg−1·K−1)

S :

Entropy/(J·K−1)

S irr :

Entropy production/(J·K−1)

T :

Temperature/K

u :

Velocity/(m·s−1)

W :

Power/J

W a :

Acoustic power/J

W e :

Electric power/J

W lost :

Loss/J

x :

Longitude coordinate/m

Δx :

Control volume length/m

Z :

Compressibility factor

γ :

Adiabatic index

ε :

Empirical factor

τ :

Time/s

ϕ :

Porosity

ρ :

Density/ (kg·m−3)

ν :

Specific volume/(m3·kg−1)

Δ:

Gradient

∇:

Laplace operator

ac:

Aftercooler

c:

Cold end

ch:

Cold-end heat exchanger

co:

Compressor

du:

Duct

g:

Gas

h:

Hot end

i :

Node number

m:

Mean value

pt:

Pulse tube

r:

Regenerator matrix

reg:

Regenerator

w:

Wall

·(dot):

Time derivative

HPTC:

High-frequency pulse tube cryocooler

PTC:

Pulse tube cryocooler

MB:

Multi-bypass

PT:

Pulse tube

IT:

Inertance tube

Res:

Reservoir

RS:

Radiation shield

〈〉:

Time-average values

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018Y FB0504603), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1831203), the Strategic Pilot Projects in Space Science of China (Grant No. XDA15010400), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDY-SSW-JSC028), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 2019030).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Xuming Liu, Xiafan Xu, Biao Yang, Xiaotong Xi, Liubiao Chen, Junjie Wang & Yuan Zhou

  2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Xuming Liu, Xiafan Xu, Biao Yang, Xiaotong Xi, Junjie Wang & Yuan Zhou

Authors
  1. Xuming Liu
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  2. Xiafan Xu
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  3. Biao Yang
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  4. Xiaotong Xi
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  5. Liubiao Chen
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  6. Junjie Wang
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  7. Yuan Zhou
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Correspondence to Liubiao Chen or Yuan Zhou.

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Liu, X., Xu, X., Yang, B. et al. Performance improvement of a pulse tube cryocooler with a single compressor through cascade utilization of cold energy. Front. Energy 15, 345–357 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-020-0708-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-020-0708-x

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