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Hydrogen technologies and policies for sustainable future: a review

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Abstract

Hydrogen has recently attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative for addressing energy and environmental issues. Hydrogen is a flexible and clean energy carrier that can be used in various industries, including transportation, manufacturing, and power generation, without emitting harmful emissions. This study provides a detailed review of hydrogen technologies and policies in the context of a hydrogen economy. Hydrogen production is examined with its cost analysis and current technological challenges, in addition to the key aspects of hydrogen storage, transportation and applications. This review also provides a critical discussion of global policies and roadmaps that have been proposed or implemented to achieve a hydrogen-based future economy. These policies include funding for R&D, financial incentives, tax credits, and frameworks. Finally, two key areas that can be exploited to expedite global hydrogen adoption are proposed. First, technological challenges can be addressed by employing an integrated system approach to produce hydrogen for various applications, along with vigorous investment in research on material development in handling/storing hydrogen. Second, policies to accelerate hydrogen adoption should focus on public–private partnerships, media awareness campaigns, and the introduction of green credit scores.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Alternating current

ATR:

Autothermal reforming

BEIS:

Department for business, energy and industrial strategy

CAPEX:

Capital expenditure

CCS:

Carbon capture and storage

CCUS:

Carbon capture utilization and storage

CFRP:

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic

CG:

Coal gasification

CGH2 :

Compressed gaseous hydrogen

DR:

Dry reformer

EU:

European Union

FCEV:

Fuel cell electric vehicle

Ff:

Fossil fuel

GHR:

Gas heated reformer

HE:

Hydrogen economy

Hf:

Hydrogen fuel

IEA:

International Energy Agency

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

LCOH:

Levelized cost of hydrogen

LF:

Load factor

LH2 :

liquid hydrogen

MH:

Metal hydride

MOFs:

Metal organic frameworks

OPEX:

Operating expenditure

PEC:

Photoelectrochemical cells

PO:

Partial oxidation

PV:

Photovoltaics

R&D:

Research and development

REMIND:

Regional Model of Investment and Development

RES:

Renewable energy system

RT:

Room temperature

SAF:

Sustainable aviation fuel

SMR:

Steam methane reforming

SOEC:

Solid oxide electrolyzer cell

SR:

Steam reformer

TCO:

Total cost of ownership

ZEBRA:

Zero-Emission Building Research Alliance

ZEVs:

Zero-emission vehicles

ZIFs:

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks

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Funding

Authors greatly acknowledge the European Regional Development Funding Authority for their financial support (No. 34R17P02147).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies (SCEDT), Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK

    Oluwatobi Agbadaola, Danial Qadir, Faizan Ahmad & Humbul Suleman

  2. Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, 153 41, Attica, Greece

    Dionysios S. Karousos & Evangelos P. Favvas

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  1. Oluwatobi Agbadaola
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  2. Danial Qadir
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  3. Faizan Ahmad
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OA contributed to original draft writing. DQ contributed to conceptualization and data collection. FA contributed to funding acquisition and supervision. HS contributed to funding acquisition and project administration. EPF contributed to formal analysis and review. DSK contributed to manuscript review and editing.

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Correspondence to Faizan Ahmad.

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Agbadaola, O., Qadir, D., Ahmad, F. et al. Hydrogen technologies and policies for sustainable future: a review. Chem. Pap. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03403-8

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