Abstract
This study is aimed at the bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles (SHB@ZnO NPs) from the aqueous bark extract of Syzygium hemisphericum (SHBW) and their comparative analysis for biomedical applications. The FT-IR spectra reveal the Zn–O bond by the appearance of peaks at 411 cm−1 and 398 cm−1. Further, the peak at 370 nm in UV–Vis spectra analysis affirms the same. The X-ray diffraction reveals the ultrafine structure of NPs (10 nm). The morphology of the NPs depends on fuel load as analyzed from FESEM images. A prodigious antioxidant activity of SHBW was observed compared to ZnO NPs with IC50 values of 8.877 ± 0.14 µg/mL and 236.74 ± 2.55 µg/mL, respectively. SHBW showed a markable α-amylase (37.68 ± 2.33 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (37.68 ± 2.33 µg/mL) inhibitory activity compared to the SHB@ZnO-20. The antibacterial activity of synthesized NPs was observed against a wide range of strains. The HRBC membrane stabilization assay was carried out to substantiate the non-toxic nature toward human RBC’s (71.30% for SHBW and 46.96% for SHB@ZnO-20). The anticancer activity of ZnO NPs utilizing a definite volume of reducing agent was analyzed against A431 cancer cell lines which revealed that the cell viability decreased as NPs concentration (64.80% at 50 µg/mL) increased.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahani M, Khatibzadeh M (2022) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gallic acid as reducing and capping agent: effect of pH and gallic acid concentration on average particle size and stability. Inorg Nano-Met Chem 52:234–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2021.1891428
Al-Hajj NQM, Algabr M, Sharif HR et al (2016) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antidiabetic activity of leaf essential oil of Pulicaria inuloides-asteraceae. J Food Nutr Res 4:461–470. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-4-7-8
Arumugam M, Manikandan DB, Dhandapani E et al (2021) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Syzygium cumini: potential multifaceted applications on antioxidants, cytotoxic and as nanonutrient for the growth of Sesamum indicum. Environ Technol Innov 23:101653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101653
Aung EE, Kristanti AN, Aminah NS et al (2020) Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: a review. Open Chem 18:1256–1281. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0175
Bala N, Saha S, Chakraborty M et al (2015) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: effect of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity. RSC Adv 5:4993–5003. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12784F
Batiha GE-S, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG et al (2020) Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020202
Bernfield P (1955) Amylase, alpha and beta. Methods Enzym 1:149–158
Bharathi D, Ranjithkumar R, Nandagopal JGT et al (2023) Green synthesis of chitosan/silver nanocomposite using kaempferol for triple negative breast cancer therapy and antibacterial activity. Environ Res 238:117109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117109
Cetin Y, Hassan Ibrahim A, Gungor A et al (2020) In-vitro evaluation of a partially biodegradable TiMg dental implant: the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Materialia 14:100899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100899
Cheng M-C, Ker Y-B, Yu T-H et al (2010) Chemical synthesis of 9(Z)-octadecenamide and its hypolipidemic effect: a bioactive agent found in the essential oil of mountain celery seeds. J Agric Food Chem 58:1502–1508. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903573g
D’Souza JN, Nagaraja GK, Meghana Navada K et al (2021a) An ensuing repercussion of solvent alteration on biological and photocatalytic efficacy of Emilia sonchifolia (L.) phytochemicals capped zinc oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 627:127162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127162
D’Souza JN, Nagaraja GK, Prabhu A et al (2021b) Sauropus androgynus (L.) leaf phytochemical activated biocompatible zinc oxide nanoparticles: An antineoplastic agent against human triple negative breast cancer and a potent nanocatalyst for dye degradation. Appl Surf Sci 552:149429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149429
D’Souza JN, Prabhu A, Nagaraja GK et al (2021c) Unravelling the human triple negative breast cancer suppressive activity of biocompatible zinc oxide nanostructures influenced by Vateria indica (L.) fruit phytochemicals. Mater Sci Eng C 122:111887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2021.111887
D’Souza JN, Nagaraja GK, Prabhu A et al (2022) AgVI and Ag/ZnOVI nanostructures from Vateria indica (L.) exert antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic efficacy on triple negative breast cancer cells in vitro. Int J Pharm 615:121450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121450
Dadhwal P, Dhingra HK, Dwivedi V et al (2023) Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) mediated green synthesis of copper nanoparticles and their application in anticancer activity. Front Mol Biosci 10:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1246728
Das D, Nath BC, Phukon P et al (2013) Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 111:556–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.06.041
Das A, Prabhu MPT, Sarkar N (2022) Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay study of PEG-capped carbon nanoparticles derived from Butea monosperma flower extract. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:15002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/ac5498
El Shafey AM (2020) Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant leaf extracts and their applications: a review. J Res 9:304–339. https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0031
Faisal S, Jan H, Shah SA et al (2021) Green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans: their characterizations and biological and environmental applications. ACS Omega 6:9709–9722. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00310
Guo S, Shi Y, Liang Y et al (2021) Relationship and improvement strategies between drug nanocarrier characteristics and hemocompatibility: what can we learn from the literature. Asian J Pharm Sci 16:551–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajps.2020.12.002
Haq S, Ahmad P, Khandaker MU et al (2021) Antibacterial, antioxidant and physicochemical investigations of tin dioxide nanoparticles synthesized via microemulsion method. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/abed8a
Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Yaseen T et al (2021) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf extracts and their multiple in vitro biological applications. Sci Rep 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99839-z
Isbilen O, Volkan E (2021) Allium willeanum Holmboe exerts anticancer activities on metastatic breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Heliyon 7:e07730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07730
John T, Onanubi V (2018) Identification of potential drug candidates in the anti-ulcer bark extract of entandrophragma utile. Proc Annu Meet Jpn Pharmacol Soc WCP2018:PO3–PO5. https://doi.org/10.1254/jpssuppl.WCP2018.0_PO3-5-3
Kouser S, Prabhu A, Sheik S et al (2021) Chitosan functionalized halloysite nanotube/poly (caprolactone) nanocomposites for wound healing application. Appl Surf Sci Adv 6:100158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2021.100158
Krajewski S, Prucek R, Panacek A et al (2013) Hemocompatibility evaluation of different silver nanoparticle concentrations employing a modified Chandler-loop in vitro assay on human blood. Acta Biomater 9:7460–7468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.016
Kumar A, Mukasyan AS, Wolf EE (2010) Modeling impregnated layer combustion synthesis of catalyts for hydrogen generation from oxidative reforming of methanol. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:11001–11008. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie100660m
Kumar V, Verma S, Choudhury S et al (2015) Biocompatible silver nanoparticles from vegetable waste: its characterization and bio-efficacy. Int J Nano Mater Sci 4:70–86
Kumar S, Bhushan P, Bhattacharya S (2018) Fabrication of nanostructures with bottom-up approach and their utility in diagnostics, therapeutics, and others. Environ Chem Med. Sens 78:167–198
Mabberley D (2017) Mabberley’s Plant-book. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316335581
Malapermal V, Botha I, Krishna SBN, Mbatha JN (2017) Enhancing antidiabetic and antimicrobial performance of Ocimum basilicum, and Ocimum sanctum (L.) using silver nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 24:1294–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.026
Manasa DJ, Chandrashekar KR, Madhu Kumar DJ et al (2021) Mussaenda frondosa L. mediated facile green synthesis of Copper oxide nanoparticles: characterization, photocatalytic and their biological investigations. Arab J Chem 14:103184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103184
Mayasankaravalli C, Deepika K, Esther Lydia D et al (2020) Profiling the phyto-constituents of Punica granatum fruits peel extract and accessing its in-vitro antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory properties. Saudi J Biol Sci 27:3228–3234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.046
Meghana Navada K, Nagaraja GK, Neetha D’Souza J et al (2022) Synthesis of phyto-functionalized nano hematite for lung cancer suppressive activity and paracetamol sensing by electrochemical studies. Process Biochem 123:76–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.033
Mohamed EAA, Muddathir AM, Osman MA (2020) Antimicrobial activity, phytochemical screening of crude extracts, and essential oils constituents of two Pulicaria spp. growing in Sudan. Sci Rep 10:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74262-y
Narayana A, Bhat SA, Fathima A et al (2020) Green and low-cost synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their application in transistor-based carbon monoxide sensing. RSC Adv 10:13532–13542. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA00478B
Naseer M, Aslam U, Khalid B, Chen B (2020) Green route to synthesize Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Cassia fistula and Melia azadarach and their antibacterial potential. Sci Rep 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65949-3
Navada KM, Nagaraja GK, D’Souza JN et al (2020) Phyto assisted synthesis and characterization of Scoparia dulsis L. leaf extract mediated porous nano CuO photocatalysts and its anticancer behavior. Appl Nanosci 10:4221–4240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01536-2
Navada KM et al (2021a) Synthesis, characterization of phyto-functionalized CuO nano photocatalysts for mitigation of textile dyes in waste water purification, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer evaluation. Appl Nanosci 11:1313–1338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-01688-9
Navada KM, Nagaraja GK, D’Souza JN et al (2021b) Bio-fabrication of multifunctional quasi-spherical green α-Fe2O3 nanostructures for paracetamol sensing and biomedical applications. Ceram Int 47:33651–33666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.275
Navada KM, Nagaraja GK, D’Souza JN et al (2022a) Bio-fabrication of multifunctional nano-ceria mediated from Pouteria campechiana for biomedical and sensing applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 424:113631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113631
Navada MK, Karnikkar NG, D’Souza JN et al (2022b) Biosynthesis of phyto functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticles mediated from Scoparia dulsis L. for appraisal of anti-cancer potential against adenocarcinomic lung cancer cells and paracetamol sensing potentiality. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23500-z
Navada MK, Rai R, Patil S (2022c) Synthesis and characterization of size controlled nano copper oxide structures for antioxidant study and as eco-friendly lubricant additive for bio-oils. Ceram Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.222
Naz S, Khaskheli AR, Aljabour A et al (2014) Synthesis of highly stable cobalt nanomaterial using gallic acid and its application in catalysis. Adv Chem 2014:686925. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/686925
Naz S, Gul A, Zia M (2020) Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles: a review study. IET Nanobiotechnol 14:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0176
Nirmala JG, Akila S, Narendhirakannan RT, Chatterjee S (2017) Vitis vinifera peel polyphenols stabilized gold nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death in A431 skin cancer cell lines. Adv Powder Technol 28:1170–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.02.003
Omran B, Baek K-H (2021) Nanoantioxidants: pioneer types, advantages, limitations, and future insights. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227031
Ovais M, Khalil AT, Islam NU et al (2018) Role of plant phytochemicals and microbial enzymes in biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:6799–6814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9146-7
Plaeyao K, Kampangta R, Korkokklang Y et al (2023) Gingerol extract-stabilized silver nanoparticles and their applications: colorimetric and machine learning-based sensing of Hg(ii) and antibacterial properties. RSC Adv 13:19789–19802. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02702C
Rai RS, P GJ, Bajpai V, et al (2023) An eco-friendly approach on green synthesis, bio-engineering applications, and future outlook of ZnO nanomaterial: a critical review. Environ Res 221:114807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114807
Ranjitha R, Meghana KN, Kumar VGD et al (2021) Rapid photocatalytic degradation of cationic organic dyes using Li-doped Ni/NiO nanocomposites and their electrochemical performance. New J Chem 45:796–809. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ05268J
Sheela D, Uthayakumari F (2013) GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents from coastal sand Dune taxon-Sesuvium portulacastrum. Biosci Discov 4:47–53
Singh R, Arigela R (2020) Lectotypifications and new synonyms in Indian Syzygium (Myrtaceae). Phytotaxa 429:200–216. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.2
Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A et al (2015) Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Lett 7:219–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-015-0040-x
Sirikhansaeng P, Tanee T, Sudmoon R, Chaveerach A (2017) Major phytochemical as γ-sitosterol disclosing and toxicity testing in lagerstroemia species. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2017:7209851. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7209851
Stalin N, Swamy PS (2013) Biological activity of various extracts of the leaves and bark of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston, Myrtaceae
Sutharappa Kaliyamoorthy T, Subramaniyan V, Renganathan S et al (2022) Sustainable environmental-based ZnO nanoparticles derived from pisonia grandis for future biological and environmental applications. Sustainability 1:4
Swain P, Das R, Das A et al (2019) Effects of dietary zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles on growth performance, immune responses and enzyme activity in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquac Nutr 25:486–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12874
Taga MS, Miller EE, Pratt DE (1984) Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:928–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02542169
Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A, Pholboon A, Yangsabai A (2018) Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview. Medicine (basel, Switzerland) 5:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093
Varma A, Mukasyan AS, Rogachev AS, Manukyan KV (2016) Solution combustion synthesis of nanoscale materials. Chem Rev 116:14493–14586. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00279
Venugopal K, Rather HA, Rajagopal K et al (2017) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for anticancer activities (MCF 7 breast and A549 lung cell lines) of the crude extract of Syzygium aromaticum. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 167:282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.12.013
Yang L, Li X, Huang W et al (2022a) Pharmacological properties of indirubin and its derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 151:113112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113112
Yang Y, Chen Z, Zhao X et al (2022b) Mechanisms of Kaempferol in the treatment of diabetes: a comprehensive and latest review. Front Endocrinol (lausanne) 13:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.990299
Zhang C, Tu Q, Francis LF, Kortshagen UR (2022) Band gap tuning of films of undoped ZnO nanocrystals by removal of surface groups. Nanomaterials 12:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030565
Zhao H, Fan W, Dong J, Lu J, Chen J, Shan L, Lin Y, Kong W (2008) Evaluation of antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of typical malting barley varieties. Food Chem 107:296–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.018
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W (1999) The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64:555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Zhou J, Xu N, Wang ZL (2006) Dissolving behavior and stability of ZnO wires in biofluids: a study on biodegradability and biocompatibility of ZnO nanostructures. Adv Mater 18:2432–2435. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600200
Zhu M, Wang Y, Meng D et al (2012) Hydrothermal synthesis of hematite nanoparticles and their electrochemical properties. J Phys Chem C 116:16276–16285. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp304041m
Zuin VG, Eilks I, Elschami M, Kümmerer K (2021) Education in green chemistry and in sustainable chemistry: perspectives towards sustainability. Green Chem 23:1594–1608. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC03313H
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the DST-PURSE laboratory, at Mangalore University, for providing the FESEM-EDS and UV-Vis characterization techniques.
Funding
No funding to declare.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sushmitha, C.H., Krishnakumar, G. & Navada, K.M. Solution combustion method for synthesis of ZnO NPs from Syzygium hemisphericum bark extract and a comparative analysis of the same with the crude bark extract for biomedical applications. Chem. Pap. 78, 3443–3462 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03319-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03319-3