Abstract
This study aimed to develop a nutritious yogurt drink with the best hydrosol (HS) extracted from Eryngium caucasicum Trautv based on bioactive compounds and bio-functional properties. Four extraction methods, namely conventional hydrodistillation (CHD, 85 °C for 4 h), microwave-assisted (MAHD, 350 W for 10 min), ultrasound-assisted (UAHD, 24 kHz, 225 W for 30 min), and ultrasound microwave-assisted (UMAHD) hydrodistillation after the single-factor optimization, were employed to obtain HSs from E. caucasicum Trautv (solid/water of 1:10) with the highest yield and antioxidant activity. Results showed that the most dominant bioactive compounds in HSs extracted by CHD and UAHD, respectively, were pulegone and carvone, while cis-dihydrocarvone was the major constituent of HSs extracted by MAHD and UMAHD. The GC–MS analysis showed that the oxygenated monoterpenes were the most abundant components in E. caucasicum Trautv HS (32.34–79.49%). The extracted HS from UAHD compared to other techniques significantly had more yield (84.46%), DPPH˙ scavenging activity (83.04%), Fe3+ reducing power (0.473 at Å700 nm), and total phenolic (TPC, 10.34 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (TFC, 1008.21 mg CE/100 mL), carotenoid (TCaC, 511.21 mg/kg), and chlorophyll (TChC, 152.39 mg/kg) contents (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the yield (73.75–76.39%), DPPH˙ scavenging activity (72.98–74.23%), and TChC (86.84–93.22 mg/kg) was found between two bioactive extracts of MAHD and UMAHD. The extract obtained from CHD had the lowest quantitative and qualitative values (p < 0.01). The UAHD-HSs exhibited the strongest antimicrobial (i.e., Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica) and antitumor (i.e., hepatoma (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines) activities. The dairy product incorporated with UAHD-HS as a functional food showed the best panelists' sensory scores for consumers' preferences.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (Tehran, Iran) for supporting this study. Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi also acknowledges the support of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for his Georg Forster Research Fellowship.
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Kakoei, H., Mortazavian, A.M., Mofid, V. et al. Single and combined hydrodistillation techniques of microwave and ultrasound for extracting bio-functional hydrosols from Iranian Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. Chem. Pap. 77, 533–547 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02474-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02474-9