Abstract
High altitude environment throws unparalleled survival challenges to human sojourners, and unique phyto-compounds from functional foods are known to aid faster acclimatization to high altitude. Thus, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the comparative phyto-chemical composition and anti-oxidant benefits of high altitude (3,524 m, Leh-Ladakh) vs. low altitude (321 m, Chandigarh) grown Eruca sativa (Arugula) plants. To further substantiate its functional food benefits, in-silico molecular docking of selected phyto-compounds of E. sativa was done, which indicated that compounds derived from E. sativa may effectively possess anti-inflammatory benefits; among quercetin showed the best glide score for PDE4b (−9.6 kcal/mol) and COX-2 (−8.6 kcal/mol). Further, ADME characterization revealed that phyto-compounds of E. sativa have favourable physicochemical characteristics for oral bioavailability. The aqueous extract of Leh grown plants showed higher values of TPC (31.90 ± 1.09 μg GAE/mg), FRAP (216.46 ± 3.53 µM TE/mg), TFC (33.54 ± 0.92 µM RE/mg), IC50 of DPPH (3.60 ± 0.22 mg/mL) and ABTS (0.11 ± 0.00 mg/mL), while 70% methanol extract showed higher value of TAC (120.21 ± 2.83 μg AAE/mg) than extracts of Chandigarh grown plants. Also, polyphenols and flavonoids correlated well with anti-oxidant activities. RP-HPLC–DAD with MS-analysis revealed that kaempferol and quercetin were significantly higher in Leh samples (7.01 ± 0.11 and 0.33 ± 0.00 µg/mg) than in Chandigarh samples. GC–MS study of hexane and chloroform extracts from Leh and Chandigarh samples revealed 7, 33, and 7, 47 compounds, respectively. Overall, this study concludes that E. sativa grown at high altitudes gets enriched with health-promoting bioactive phyto-compounds in comparison with plants grown at lower altitudes.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully thank CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR–IIIM), Jammu and University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh for assistance and laboratory analysis.
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This work was supported by Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR), DRDO, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh, Pin-194101, India.
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Kumar, N., Kaur, B., Shukla, S. et al. Comparative analysis of phytochemical composition and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits of Eruca sativa grown at high altitude than at lower altitude. Chem. Pap. 76, 7759–7782 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02418-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02418-3