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Ultrasound assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector for determination of caffeine and carbamazepine in environmental samples using exfoliated graphite/chitosan hydrogel

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Abstract

In this study, an exfoliated graphite/chitosan hydrogel was used as an adsorbent in ultrasound assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction of caffeine (CAF) and carbamazepine (CBZ) from water samples. The analytes were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. The adsorbent material was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The most influential experimental factors were optimized using a central composite design. Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for CAF were 0.018 µg/L and 0.06 µg/L, respectively. While for CBZ, the LOD and LOQ were 0.011 µg/L and 0.04 µg/L, respectively. Percentage recovery ranged from 87 to 112%, and relative standard deviation (%) was less than 6%. This method was applied for the determination of CAF and CBZ in wastewater and river water samples.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the University of Johannesburg (Chemical sciences department) for providing lab facilities. The authors are also grateful to Mr. Siyasanga Mpelane and Mrs. Orienda Sebabi Molahlegi for their assistance in characterization techniques. This article is based upon work from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society.

Funding

This work was supported financially by the Department of Science and Innovation/ National Research Foundation South African Research Chairs Initiative (DSI/NRF SARChI) (grant no. 91230).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa

    Neliswa Mpayipheli, Anele Mpupa & Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo

  2. Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSI-NRF SARChI), Nanotechnology for Water, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa

    Neliswa Mpayipheli, Anele Mpupa & Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo

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  1. Neliswa Mpayipheli
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Correspondence to Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo.

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Mpayipheli, N., Mpupa, A. & Nomngongo, P.N. Ultrasound assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector for determination of caffeine and carbamazepine in environmental samples using exfoliated graphite/chitosan hydrogel. Chem. Pap. 76, 6985–6996 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02328-4

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