Abstract
The coagulation treatment for the removal of turbidity from tannery industry wastewater using the coagulant protein in Moringa oleifera seeds was investigated in this research work. The natural coagulant was prepared from the seed powder using NaCl and KCl salt solutions each having a concentration of 0.25 M. The effect of coagulant dosage and initial pH on % turbidity removal was investigated for both coagulants. A higher turbidity removal efficiency of 74.11% was achieved with NaCl extracted coagulant at an optimum coagulant dosage of 30 mL and initial pH 9, whereas the coagulant prepared by KCl salt solution exhibited a lower treatment efficiency of 68.52%. The maximum and minimum velocity gradients attained was 1098.8 s−1 at 31 °C and 257 s−1 at 25 °C, respectively. The least residual turbidity was achieved at 440 rpm impeller speed. The relationship between power function and Reynolds number (Re) for unbaffled tank shows that transition zone develops between 30,500 < Re < 56,000. The residual turbidity concentration decreases with increase in settling velocity for different coagulant dosages. The turbidity removal process follows the second-order kinetics model with a rate constant of 0.000158 (mg/500 mL)−1 min−1. The variation of coagulation rate constant with temperature was supported by Arrhenius law (R2 = 0.9645) rather than Transition state theory (R2 = 0.96) and Collision theory (R2 = 0.9624). The exponential decay of concentration ratio with time indicates that Smoluchowski rate equation explains the growth of floc particles governed by fluid motion. This study reveals the successive and optimistic influence of coagulant dose, pH, mixing dynamics, settling mechanism and coagulation rate on turbidity removal from tannery wastewater.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Agarwal V, Dixit D, Bhatt MJ (2018) Use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a primary coagulant in textile wastewater treatment. In: Ghosh S (ed) Waste management and resource efficiency. Proceedings of 6th IconSWM, pp 1231–1236. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7290-1_102
Agarwal P, Saini G (2021) Use of natural coagulants (Moringa oleifera and Benincasa hispida) for volume reduction of waste drilling slurries. Mater Today Proc 49:3274–3278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.924
Al-Sameraiy M (2017) A new approach using coagulation rate constant for evaluation of turbidity removal. Appl Water Sci 7:1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0341-8
Andrade PV, Palanca CF, Oliveira MAC, Ito CYK, dos Reis AG (2021) Use of Moringa oleifera seed as a natural coagulant in domestic wastewater tertiary treatment: physicochemical, cytotoxicity and bacterial load evaluation. J Water Process Eng 40:101859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101859
BinAhmed S, Ayoub G, Al-Hindi M, Azizi F (2015) The effect of fast mixing conditions on the coagulation–flocculation process of highly turbid suspensions using liquid bittern coagulant. Desalin Water Treat 53(12):3388–3396. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.933043
Camp TR, Root DA, Bhoota BV (1940) Effects of temperature on rate of floc formation. J Am Water Works Assoc 32(11):1913–1927. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1940.tb19608.x
Chen W, Mo J, Du X, Zhang Z, Zhang W (2019) Biomimetic dynamic membrane for aquatic dye removal. Water Res 151:243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.078
Dolejs P (1992) The effects of temperature, pH and rapid mixing gradient on the formation of particles in treatment of humic water. In: Klute R, Hahn H (eds) Chemical water and wastewater treatment II. Proceedings of the 5th Gothenburg Symposium, pp 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77827-8_5
Facundo MJL, Rocaa JAM, Cabezas JLS, Bespia A, Vela MCV, Alcaniz LP (2019) Use of the osmotic membrane bioreactor for the management of tannery wastewater using absorption liquid waste as draw solution. Process Saf Environ 131:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.09.024
Guo K, Gao B, Wang J (2021) Flocculation behaviors of a novel papermaking sludge-based flocculant in practical printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. Front Environ Sci Eng 15(5):103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1390-x
Hasan M, Khalekuzzaman Md, Hossain N, Alamgir M (2021) Anaerobic digested effluent phycoremediation by microalgae co-culture and harvesting by Moringa oleifera as natural coagulant. J Clean Prod 292:126042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126042
Hashem MA, Hasan M, Md Momen A, Payel S, Nur-A-Tomal MS (2020) Water hyacinth biochar for trivalent chromium adsorption from tannery wastewater. Environ Sustain Indic 5:100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100022
Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Hayder G, Baloo L, Ghaleb AAS, Lawal IM, Abubakar A, Al-dhawi BNS, Almahbashi NMY, Umaru I (2021) Degradation of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn by Moringa-oleifera, zeolite, ferric-chloride, chitosan and alum in an industrial effluent. Ain Shams Eng J 12(1):57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.06.016
Jallouli S, Wali A, Buonerba A, Zarra T, Belgiorno V, Naddeo V, Ksibi M (2020) Efficient and sustainable treatment of tannery wastewater by a sequential electrocoagulation-UV photolytic process. J Water Process Eng 38:101642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101642
Jiang JQ (2015) The role of coagulation in water treatment. Curr Opin Chem Eng 8:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2015.01.008
Kituyi JL, Foulkes M, Worsfold P, Ongulu RA, Kiplagat A, Gachanja A (2013) Efficiency of pre-treated Moringa oleifera for the removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+ ions from wastewaters. Ecohydrol Hydrobiol 13(4):267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2013.10.009
Kongjao S, Damronglerd S, Hunsom M (2008) Simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic pollutants in tannery wastewater using electrocoagulation technique. Korean J Chem Eng 25:703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-008-0115-1
Korpe S, Bethi B, Sonawane SH, Jayakumar KV (2019) Tannery wastewater treatment by cavitation combined with advanced oxidation process (AOP). Ultrason Sonochem 59:104723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104723
Lu S, Pugh RJ, Forssberg E (2005) Studies in interface science. In: Chapter 6 Coagulation, heterocoagulation and practical coagulation, vol 20, pp 290–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-7303(05)80001-8
Mamchenko AV, Gerasimenko NG, Pakhar TA (2011) The impact of temperature on the efficiency of the coagulation process of titanyl sulfate and aluminum sulfate. J Water Chem Technol 33:315–322. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X11050079
Marichamy MK, Kumaraguru A, Jonna N (2021) Particle size distribution modeling and kinetic study for coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater at response surface optimized condition. J Clean Prod 297:126657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126657
McCabe WL, Smith JC, Harriott P (1993) Unit operations of chemical engineering, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill International Edn., Singapore, p 251
Mella B, Benvenuti J, Oliveira RF, Gutterres M (2019) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon produced from tannery solid waste applied for tannery wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:6811–6817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04161-x
Mohammed TJ, Shakir E (2018) Effect of settling time, velocity gradient, and camp number on turbidity removal for oilfield produced water. Egypt J Pet 27(1):31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.12.006
Park SM, Jun HB, Jung MS, Koo HM (2006) Effects of velocity gradient and mixing time on particle growth in a rapid mixing tank. Water Sci Technol 53(7):95–102. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.212
Park SM, Heo TY, Park JG, Jun HB (2016) Effects of hydrodynamics and coagulant doses on particle aggregation during a rapid mixing. Environ Eng Res 21(4):365–372. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2016.046
Ramavandi B, Farjadfard S (2014) Removal of chemical oxygen demand from textile wastewater using a natural coagulant. Korean J Chem Eng 31:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0197-2
Rosmawanie M, Mohamed R, Al-Gheethi A, Pahazri F, Amir-Hashim MK, Nur-Shaylinda MZ (2018) Sequestering of pollutants from public market wastewater using Moringa oleifera and Cicer arietinum flocculants. J Environ Chem Eng 6(2):2417–2428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.035
Selvaraj H, Aravind P, George HS, Sundaram M (2020) Removal of sulfide and recycling of recovered product from tannery lime wastewater using photoassisted-electrochemical oxidation process. J Ind Eng Chem 83(25):164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.11.024
Serrano AR, Alejo JEL, Cortázar MAH, Elizalde I (2020) Removing contaminants from tannery wastewater by chemical precipitation using CaO and Ca(OH)2. Chin J Chem Eng 28(4):1107–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2019.12.023
Singh B, Kumar P (2020) Pre-treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater by coagulation and flocculation using mixed coagulant: optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology (RSM). J Water Process Eng 36:101317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101317
Sirajudheen P, Karthikeyan P, Ramkumar K, Meenakshi S (2021) Effective removal of organic pollutants by adsorption onto chitosan supported graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite composite: a novel reusable adsorbent. J Mol Liq 318:114200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114200
Somsesta N, Piyamawadee C, Sricharoenchaikul V, Aht-Ong D (2020) Adsorption isotherms and kinetics for the removal of cationic dye by cellulose-based adsorbent biocomposite films. Korean J Chem Eng 37:1999–2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-0602-6
Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Leather/Skin/Hide Processing Industry (2009) Ministry of environment and forests government of India. 32. https://dste.py.gov.in/SEIAA/pdf/Sector/Leather_Industry.pdf
Teefy S, Farmerie J, Pyles E (2011) Operational control of coagulation and filtration processes, 3rd edn. American Water Works Association, Denver, p 18
Valioulis IA, List EJ (1984) Collision efficiencies of diffusing spherical particles: hydrodynamic, van der Waals and electrostatic forces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 20(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(84)80001-9
Villalobos-Lara AD, Álvarez F, Arroyo ZG, Navarro R, Hernandez JMP, Fuentes R, Perez T (2021) Electrocoagulation treatment of industrial tannery wastewater employing a modified rotating cylinder electrode reactor. Chemosphere 264:128491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128491
Water Treatment Manuals: Coagulation, Flocculation & Clarification (2000) Environmental protection agency Ireland. 14. https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/EPA_water_treatment_mgt_coag_flocc_clar2.pdf
Wei Y, Lu J, Dong X, Hao J, Yao C (2017) Coagulation performance of a novel poly-ferric- acetate (PFC) coagulant in phosphate-kaolin synthetic water treatment. Korean J Chem Eng 34:2641–2647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0193-z
Xiao F, Huang JH, Zhang B, Cui CW (2009) Effects of low temperature on coagulation kinetics and floc surface morphology using alum. Desalination 237(1–3):201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.12.033
Ye H, Chen L, Kou Y, How ZT, Ayala PC, Wang Q, An Z, Guo S, Chen C, El-Din MG (2021) Influences of coagulation pretreatment on the characteristics of crude oil electric desalting wastewaters. Chemosphere 264(2):128531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128531
Zhao C, Zhou J, Yan Y, Yang L, Xing G, Li H, Wu P, Wang M, Zheng H (2021a) Application of coagulation/flocculation in oily wastewater treatment: a review. Sci Total Environ 765:142795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142795
Zhao Y, Lian H, Tian C, Li H, Xu W, Phuntsho S, Shih K (2021b) Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride. Front Environ Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1350-x
Funding
No funding was obtained from any organization. So, it is not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MKM has designed and developed experimental protocols, prepared the results in graphical form and table, analyzed and interpreted the data’s, written the full manuscript. HPN has conducted all the experiments and involved with collection of data’s, and assisted in writing the manuscript and interpretation of results. Authors’ information (optional) was already provided during the registration process.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marichamy, M.K., Narayan, H.P. Synergetic effects of mixing parameters, settling characteristics and process kinetics on coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater. Chem. Pap. 76, 4169–4188 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02156-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02156-6
Keywords
- Green coagulant
- Kinetic models
- Power number
- Arrhenius law
- Smoluchowski equation