Abstract
In this paper, performance enhancement of magnesium ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte has been investigated with the incorporation of urea in it. The standard solution casting technique has been adopted to fabricate solid polymer electrolyte consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer, magnesium triflate (MgTf2) salt and urea. Measurement on conductivity, dielectric and modulus is carried out on the electrolyte films as a function of frequency at various temperatures. On the introduction of urea in PEO/MgTf2 matrix, the ionic conductivity improves by an order of magnitude and the relaxation time decreases from 0.45 to 0.16 µs. The highest conductivity of 6.3 × 10–5 S cm−1 has been recorded for PEO/MgTf2/Urea polymer electrolyte system. The ionic conductivity versus temperature plots suggests the Arrhenius behavior within the electrolyte compositions. The number density of the free ions increases by an order of magnitude from 1020 to 1021 on the addition of urea in PEO/MgTf2 matrix without any significant change in mobility values. The conductivity, dielectrics, surface morphology and X-ray diffraction studies reveal that urea is not only improving the porous structure but also interacting with the PEO/MgTf2 matrix to improve the ion dynamics. This approach toward improved ion-transport behavior may be utilized in fabricating high-performance electrolytes, especially for magnesium batteries.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agrawal RC, Pandey GP (2008) Solid polymer electrolytes: materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications: an overview. J Phy d: Appl Phy 41:223001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/22/223001
Andriollo M, Benato R, Sessa SD, Pietro ND, Hirai N, Nakanishi Y, Senatore E (2016) Energy intensive electrochemical storage in Italy: 34.8 MW sodium-sulphur secondary cells. J Energy Storage 5:146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2015.12.003
Ascota JL, Morales E (1998) Synthesis and characterization of polymeric electrolytes for solid state magnesium batteries. Electrochem Acta 43:791–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(97)00123-0
Aziz SB, Abidin ZHZ (2015) Ion-transport study in nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes based on chitosan: electrical and dielectric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 132:41774. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41774
Aziz SB, Dannoun EMA, Hamsan MH, Abdulwahid RT, Mishra K, Nofal MM, Kadir MFZ (2021) Improving EDLC device performance constructed from plasticized magnesium ion conducting chitosan based polymer electrolytes via metal complex dispersion membranes (basel). Membranes 11(4):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040289
Boaretto N, Meabe L, Martinez-Ibañez M, Armand M, Zhang H (2020) Polymer electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: from nanocomposite to nanohybrid. J Electrochem Soc 167:070524. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7221
Bogdanov B, Michailov M, Uzov C, Gavrailova G (1994) Complexation of poly (ethylene oxide) and urea. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 32:387–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320222
Chauhan AK, Kumar D, Mishra K, Singh A (2021) Performance enhancement of Na+ ion conducting porous gel polymer electrolyte using NaAlO2 active fillers. Mater Today Commun 26:101713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101713
Chaurasia SK, Saroj AL, Shalu SVK, Tripathi AK, Gupta AK, Verma YL, Singh RK (2015) Studies on structural, thermal and AC conductivity scaling of PEO-LiPF6 polymer electrolyte with added ionic liquid [BMIMPF6]. AIP Adv 5:077178. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927768
Chenite A, Brisse F (1991) Structure and conformation of poly (ethylene oxide), PEO, in the trigonal form of the PEO-urea complex at 173 K. Macromol 24:2221–2225. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00009a015
Choudhary S (2017) Dielectric dispersion and relaxations in (PVA-PEO)-ZnO polymer nanocomposites. Phys B 522:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2017.07.066
Faridi M, Naji L, Kazemifard S, Pourali N (2018) Electrochemical investigation of gel polymer electrolytes based on poly(methyl methacrylate) and dimethylacetamide for application in Li-ion batteries. Chem Pap 72:2289–2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0458-y
Fenton DE, Parker JM, Wright PV (1973) Complexes of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene oxide). Polymer 14:589. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(73)90146-8
Ghosh A, Pan A (2000) Scaling of the conductivity spectra in ionic glasses: dependence on the structure. Phys Rev Lett 84:2188. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.2188
Gohel K, Kanchan DK (2018) Ionic conductivity and relaxation studies in PVDF-HFP: PMMA-based gel polymer blend electrolyte with LiClO4 salt. J Adv Dielectr 8:1850005. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010135X18500054
Gray FM (1991) Solid polymer electrolytes: fundamental and technological applications. VCH Publishers, New York, p 125 (Chapter 7)
Guo L, Ma WB, Wang Y, Song XZ, Ma J, Han XD, Tao XY, Guo LT, Fan HL, Liu ZS, Zhu YB, Wei XY (2020) A chemically crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte based all-in-one flexible supercapacitor with superior performance. J Alloys Compd 843:155895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155895
Jonscher AK (1977) The ‘universal’ dielectric response. Nature 167:673–679. https://doi.org/10.1038/267673a0
Karmakar A, Ghosh A (2011) Charge carrier dynamics and relaxation in (polyethylene oxide-lithium-salt)-based polymer electrolyte containing 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide as ionic liquid. Phys Rev E 84:051802. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.051802
Karmkar A, Ghosh A (2012) Dielectric permittivity and electric modulus of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-LiClO4 composite electrolytes. Curr Appl Phys 12:539–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2011.08.017
Kumar D, Gohel K, Kanchan DK, Mishra K (2020) Dielectrics and battery studies on flexible nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte membranes for sodium batteries. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31:13249–13260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-03877-8
Li Y, Xiao W, Li X, Miao C, Guo H, Wang Z (2014) Study on performance of a novel P(VDF-HFP)/SiO2 composite polymer electrolyte using urea as pore-forming agent. Ionics 20:1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1081-8
Liang H, Li H, Wang Z, Wu F, Chen L, Huang X (2001) New binary room-temperature molten salt electrolyte based on urea and LiTFSI. J Phys Chem B 105:9966–9969. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0119779
Liebenow C (1998) A novel type of magnesium ion conducting polymer electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 43:1253–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(97)10026-3
Liu Y, Antaya H, Pellerin C (2008) Characterization of the stable and metastable poly (ethylene oxide)-urea complexes in electrospun fibers. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 46:1903–1913. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.21523
Liu Y, Pellerin C (2006) Highly oriented electrospun fibers of self-assembled inclusion complexes of poly (ethylene oxide) and urea. Macromol 39:8886–8888. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0625408
Macdonald JR (1992) Impedance spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 20:289–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368532
Maheshwaran C, Kanchan DK, Mishra K, Kumar D, Gohel K (2020) Effect of active MgO nano-particles dispersion in small amount within magnesium-ion conducting polymer electrolyte matrix. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects 24:100587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2020.100587
Muldoon J, Bucur CB, Oliver AG, Sugimoto T, Matsui M, Kim HS, Allred GD, Zajicek J, Kotanie Y (2012) Electrolyte roadblocks to a magnesium rechargeable battery. Energy Environ Sci 5:5941–5950. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EE03029B
Nath AK, Talukdar R (2020) Ionic liquid-based novel polymer electrolytes: electrical and thermal properties. Int J Polym Anal Charact 25:597–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666X.2020.1823732
Ngai KS, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Juan JC (2016) A review of polymer electrolytes: fundamental, approaches and applications. Ionics 22:1259–1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1756-4
Ngai KS, Ramesh S, Ramesh K, Juan JC (2018) Electrical, dielectric and electrochemical characterization of novel poly (acrylic acid)-based polymer electrolytes complexed with lithium tetrafluoroborate. Chem Phys Lett 692:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.11.042
Partrick A, Glasse M, Latham R, Linford R (1986) Novel solid state polymeric batteries. Solid State Ionics 18–19:1063–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(86)90309-7
Patel S, Kumar R (2019) Synthesis and characterization of magnesium ion conductivity in PVDF based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes disperse with MgO. J Alloys Compd 789:6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.03.089
Pritam AA, Sharma AL (2019) Dielectric relaxations and transport properties parameter analysis of novel blended solid polymer electrolyte for sodium-ion rechargeable batteries. J Mater Sci 54:7131–7155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03381-3
Sachdeva A, Bhattacharya B, Singh V, Singh A, Tomar SK, Singh PK (2018) Electrical and structural properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube-doped polymer electrolyte for photo electrochemical device. High Perform Polym 30:949–956. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954008318772013
Sharma J, Hashmi SA (2019) Magnesium ion-conducting gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposites: effect of active and passive nanofillers. Polym Compos 40:1295–1306. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24853
Sharma P, Kanchan DK, Gondaliya N, Pant M, Jayswal MS (2013) Conductivity relaxation in Ag+ ion conducting PEO–PMMA–PEG polymer blends. Ionics 19:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-012-0738-4
Singh P, Gupta PN, Saroj AL (2020) Ion dynamics and dielectric relaxation behavior of PVA-PVP-NaI-SiO2 based nano-composites polymer blend electrolytes. Phys B 578:411850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2019.411850
Singh R, Maheshwaran C, Kanchan DK, Mishra K, Singh PK, Kumar D (2021) Ion-transport behavior in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether incorporated sodium ion conducting polymer gel electrolyte membranes intended for sodium battery application. J Mol Liq 336:116594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116594
Skin JH, Kim KW, Ahn HJ, Ahn JH (2002) Electrochemical properties and interfacial stability of (PEO) 10LiCF3SO3–TinO2n−1 composite polymer electrolytes for lithium/sulfur battery. J Mater Sci Eng B 95:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00226-X
Syali MS, Kumar D, Mishra K, Kanchan DK (2020) Recent advances in electrolytes for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries: a review. Energy Storage Mater 31:352–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.06.023
Ugur MH, Kılıç H, Berkem ML, Güngör A (2014) Synthesis by UV-curing and characterisation of polyurethane acrylate-lithium salts-based polymer electrolytes in lithium batteries. Chem Pap 68(11):1561–1572. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-014-0611-1
Vasanthan N, Shin ID, Tonelli AE (1996) Structure, conformation, and motions of poly (ethylene oxide) and poly (ethylene glycol) in their urea inclusion compounds. Macromol 29:263–267. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma950829b
Vincent CA (1987) Polymer electrolytes. Prog Solid State Chem 17:145–261
Watanabe M, Nagano S, Sanui K, Ogata N (1986) Ionic conductivity of network polymers from poly (ethylene oxide) containing lithium perchlorate. Polym J 18:809–817. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.18.809
Wright PV (1975) Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly (ethylene oxide). Br Polymer J 7:319–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980070505
Xiao W, Li X, Wang Z, Guo H, Li Y, Yang B (2012) Performance of PVDF-HFP-based gel polymer electrolytes with different pore forming agents. Iran Polym J 21:755–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-012-0081-7
Xiao W, Miao C, Yin X, Zheng Y, Tian M, Li H, Mei P (2014) Effect of urea as pore-forming agent on properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)-based gel polymer electrolyte. J Power Sour 252:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.110
Xue Z, He D, Xie X (2015) Poly (ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A 3:19218–19253. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA03471J
Yan C, Jin M, Pan X, Ma L, Ma X (2020) A flexible polyelectrolyte-based gel polymer electrolyte for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitor application. RSC Adv 10:9299–9308. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10701K
Yan X, Peng B, Hu B, Chen Q (2016) PEO-Urea-LITFSI ternary complex as solid polymer electrolytes. Polymer 99:44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.056
Yang LL, Huq R, Farrington GC (1986) Preparation and properties of PEO complexes of divalent cation salts. Solid State Ionics 18–19:291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(86)90129-3
Zhang D, Yan H, Zhang H, Zhu Z (2011) Electrochemical properties of the solid polymer electrolyte PEO20–LiSO3CF3–Urea1.5. Solid State Ionics 199–200:32–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2011.03.003
Acknowledgements
Deepak Kumar thanks and acknowledges ‘‘The M.S. University of Baroda’’ Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The encouragement from Electronics and Mechanical Engineering School, Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University, Government of India is gratefully acknowledged. Authors thanks and acknowledge Scientist R. Venkatesh, UGC-DAE consortium, Indore, India for Atomic Force Microscopic characterization. Kuldeep Mishra acknowledges the funding (File No. YSS/2015/001234) from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) New Delhi, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mishra, K., Kanchan, D.K., Gohel, K. et al. Urea-assisted ion-transport behavior in magnesium ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte membranes intended for magnesium batteries. Chem. Pap. 76, 827–839 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01910-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01910-6