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Evaluation of extraction procedures applied to apprehended formulations of agrochemicals

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Abstract

Illicit formulations of agrochemicals comprise hazardous substances that have to be fully identified for forensic purposes. Nonetheless, analysis may be hampered by their complex matrix and few available methodologies. In this sense, the aim of this work was to evaluate the extraction of three apprehended agrochemicals using dichloromethane or acetonitrile associated with liquid–liquid (LLE), ultrasonic bath (UBAE), ultrasonic probe (UPAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) by means of chromatographic approaches. Results showed that, in certain conditions, dichloromethane could not extract the active ingredient, which was possible using acetonitrile. Moreover, LLE and UBAE extracted, respectively, 0.55 ± 0.03 and 2.86 ± 0.19 mg mL−1 of quinclorac and were generally inefficient compared to UPAE and MAE that reached, respectively, 3.54 ± 0.18 and 3.31 ± 0.16 mg mL−1 of quinclorac. Therefore, solvent and extractive protocol were crucial factors that influenced the extraction efficiency of agrochemicals, which have to be carefully evaluated in order to obtain adequate results.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Brazilian Federal Police (Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State) for the samples as well as to the Forensic National Institute of Science and Technology (Grant Number 465450/2014-8), FAPERGS (Research Support Foundation of the Rio Grande do Sul State) and Coordination for Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) for research funding.

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Marco A. Z. dos Santos was involved in conceptualization; Rafael S. Ortiz contributed to methodology; Luan F. Passos was involved in formal analysis and investigation; Lucas M. Berneira was involved in writing—original draft preparation; Caroline C. da Silva was involved in writing—review and editing; Claudio M. P. de Pereira contributed to funding acquisition; Alexandre de M. Machado provided resources; and Marco A. Z. dos Santos was involved in supervision.

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Correspondence to Claudio M. P. de Pereira.

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Berneira, L.M., dos Santos, M.A.Z., da Silva, C.C. et al. Evaluation of extraction procedures applied to apprehended formulations of agrochemicals. Chem. Pap. 74, 2759–2768 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01111-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01111-7

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