Abstract
Nowadays, consumers, food industries, and researchers have a great interest in evaluating the total antioxidant value of foodstuffs and plasma samples. The 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging assay is one of the most common antioxidant evaluations. However, this assay shows a great variability in its methodology, e.g., the use of a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) matrix. Moreover, all prior assays did not describe a complete validation procedure. This study demonstrated that the matrix of calibration standards had a significant effect on the accuracy of antioxidant measurements, under the ABTS radical cation scavenging assay. A PBS matrix should only be used in this assay during plasma analysis due to a negative matrix effect on calibration curves. Meanwhile, a PBS-free matrix should be used during analyses of water-based beverages. Our analytical validation showed that the current assay had an inverse lineal relationship, acceptable range, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, short and long-term stability, selectivity, identity, and short time of analysis. Additionally, this study showed that a traditional Southern Mexico beverage (tejate) had antioxidant properties (inhibition of the ABTS radical cation and ability to reduce the ferric ion) due to the presence of polyphenol compounds. The biological relevance was supported by a high plasma antioxidant activity in rats after a 7-day period of tejate consumption.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Abramovič H, Grobin B, Poklar Ulrih N, Cigić B (2017) The methodology applied in DPPH, ABTS and Folin–Ciocalteau assays has a large influence on the determined antioxidant potential. Acta Chim Slov 64:491–499. https://doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2017.3408
Aragon-Martinez OH, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Galicia O, Aranda Romo S, Gómez Gómez A, Romano-Moreno S, Martinez-Morales F (2017a) Measurement of levofloxacin in human plasma samples for a reliable and accessible drug monitoring. Clin Biochem 50:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.09.011
Aragon-Martinez OH, Martinez-Morales F, Alonso-Castro AJ, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Gonzalez-Rivera ML, Galicia-Cruz OG (2017b) Could the seed of mamey sapote relieve the postoperative pain? Transylv Rev 25:5989–5996
Armbruster DA, Pry T (2008) Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Clin Biochem Rev 29:S49–S52
Bampali E, Graikou K, Aligiannis N, Chinou I (2018) Kainari, a unique greek traditional herbal tea, from the island of Lesvos: chemical analysis and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018:6802753. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6802753
Barton HJ (2010) A “zero sample concentration approach”: standardization of methods for the estimation of total antioxidant activity by the use of extrapolation to zero sample concentration. A novel standard. 1. ABTS cation radical scavenging. J Agric Food Chem 58:8918–8926. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf101066w
Bolanos de la Torre AA, Henderson T, Nigam PS, Owusu-Apenten RK (2015) A universally calibrated microplate ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay for foods and applications to Manuka honey. Food Chem 174:119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.009
Camelo-Méndez GA, Vanegas-Espinoza PE, Escudero-Gilete ML, Heredia FJ, Paredes-López O, Del Villar-Martínez AA (2018) Colorimetric analysis of hibiscus beverages and their potential antioxidant properties. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 73:247–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-018-0672-3
Del Pino-García R, García-Lomillo J, Rivero-Pérez MD, González-SanJosé ML, Muñiz P (2015) Adaptation and validation of QUick, easy, new, CHEap, and reproducible (QUENCHER) antioxidant capacity assays in model products obtained from residual wine pomace. J Agric Food Chem 63:6922–6931. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01644
El-Sharif HF, Phan QT, Reddy SM (2014) Enhanced selectivity of hydrogel-based molecularly imprinted polymers (HydroMIPs) following buffer conditioning. Anal Chim Acta 809:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.052
Fernández-Fígares I, Rodríguez LC, González-Casado A (2004) Effect of different matrices on physiological amino acids analysis by liquid chromatography: evaluation and correction of the matrix effect. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 799:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.012
Ferri C, Desideri G, Ferri L, Proietti I, Di Agostino S, Martella L, Mai F, Di Giosia P, Grassi D (2015) Cocoa, blood pressure, and cardiovascular health. J Agric Food Chem 63:9901–9909. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01064
Festing MF, Altman DG (2002) Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals. ILAR J 43:244–258
Firuzi O, Mladenka P, Riccieri V, Spadaro A, Petrucci R, Marrosu G, Saso L (2006) Parameters of oxidative stress status in healthy subjects: their correlations and stability after sample collection. J Clin Lab Anal 20:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20122
Floegel A, Kim DO, Chung SJ, Koo SI, Chun OK (2011) Comparison of ABTS/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods. J Food Compos Anal 24:1043–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2011.01.008
Golubitskii GB, Budko EV, Basova EM, Kostarnoi AV, Ivanov VM (2007) Stability of ascorbic acid in aqueous and aqueous-organic solutions for quantitative determination. J Anal Chem 62:742–747. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934807080096
Gómez Ruiz B, Roux S, Courtois F, Bonazzi C (2016) Spectrophotometric method for fast quantification of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in simple matrix for kinetics measurements. Food Chem 211:583–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.107
Gómez-Juaristi M, González-Torres L, Bravo L, Vaquero MP, Bastida S, Sánchez-Muniz FJ (2011) Beneficial effects of chocolate on cardiovascular health. Nutr Hosp 26:289–292. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0212-16112011000200007
Gonzalez-Rivera ML, Martinez-Morales F, Alonso-Castro AJ, Lopez-Rodriguez JF, Zapata-Morales JR, Aranda Romo S, Aragon-Martinez OH (2018) Validated and rapid measurement of the ferric reducing antioxidant power in plasma samples. Chem Pap 72:2561–2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0512-9
Gorzynik-Debicka M, Przychodzen P, Cappello F, Kuban-Jankowska A, Marino Gammazza A, Knap N, Wozniak M, Gorska-Ponikowska M (2018) Potential health benefits of olive oil and plant polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci 19:686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030686
Hu S, Kim BY, Baik MY (2016) Physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of raw, roasted and puffed cacao beans. Food Chem 194:1089–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.126
International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) (2005) International conference on harmonization of technical requirements for the registration of pharmaceuticals for human use, validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2(R1), Geneva, Switzerland
Janaszewska A, Bartosz G (2002) Assay of total antioxidant capacity: comparison of four methods as applied to human blood plasma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 62:231–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655102317475498
Krebs HA (1950) Chemical composition of blood plasma and serum. Annu Rev Biochem 19:409–430. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.19.070150.002205
Lee SG, Wang T, Vance TM, Hubert P, Kim DO, Koo SI, Chun OK (2017) Validation of analytical methods for plasma total antioxidant capacity by comparing with urinary 8-isoprostane level. J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:388–394. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1604.04053
Leo F, Rossodivita AN, Segni CD, Raimondo S, Canichella S, Silvestrini A, Miggiano GA, Meucci E, Mancini A (2016) Frailty of obese children: evaluation of plasma antioxidant capacity in pediatric obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 124:481–486. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-105280
López S, Martá M, Sequeda LG, Celis C, Sutachan JJ, Albarracín SL (2017) Cytoprotective action against oxidative stress in astrocytes and neurons by Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore (corozo) fruit extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 109:1010–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.025
Martinez-Morales F, Maldonado-Cervantes E, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Aragon-Martinez OH (2015) Nutritional and biochemical effects of aspartame intake in rats under an experimental diet. J Exp Biol Agric Sci 3:298–306. https://doi.org/10.18006/2015.3(3).298.306
Mawardi HH, Elbadawi LS, Sonis ST (2015) Current understanding of the relationship between periodontal and systemic diseases. Saudi Med J 36:150–158. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.2.9424
Mennah-Govela YA, Bornhorst GM (2017) Fresh-squeezed orange juice properties before and during in vitro digestion as influenced by orange variety and processing method. J Food Sci 82:2438–2447. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13842
Mercali GD, Jaeschke DP, Tessaro IC, Marczak LDF (2012) Study of vitamin C degradation in acerola pulp during ohmic and conventional heat treatment. LWT Food Sci Technol 47:91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.12.030
Mexican Official Norm NOM-007-SSA3-2011 (2012) For the operation and organization of clinic laboratories. Official Journal of the Federation, Mexico City
Mexican Official Norm NOM-062-ZOO-1999 (2001) Technical specifications for production, care, and use of laboratory animals. Official Journal of the Federation, Mexico City
Mexican Official Norm NOM-177-SSA1-2013 (2013) Tests and procedures to prove that a medication is interchangeable. Official Journal of the Federation, Mexico City
Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A (1993) A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci (Lond) 84:407–412. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0840407
National Research Council (US) (2011) Committee for the update of the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, 8th edn. National Academies Press (US), Washington, DC
Nenadis N, Lazaridou O, Tsimidou MZ (2007) Use of reference compounds in antioxidant activity assessment. J Agric Food Chem 55:5452–5460. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070473q
Niero G, Penasa M, Currò S, Masi A, Trentin AR, Cassandro M, De Marchi M (2017) Development and validation of a near infrared spectrophotometric method to determine total antioxidant activity of milk. Food Chem 220:371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.024
Opitz SE, Smrke S, Goodman BA, Keller M, Schenker S, Yeretzian C (2014a) Antioxidant generation during coffee roasting: a comparison and interpretation from three complementary assays. Foods 3:586–604. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods3040586
Opitz SEW, Smrke S, Goodman BA, Yeretzian C (2014b) Chapter 26—methodology for the measurement of antioxidant capacity of coffee: a validated platform composed of three complementary antioxidant assays. In: Predy V (ed) Processing and impact on antioxidants in beverages. Academic Press, Elsevier, Massachusetts, pp 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404738-9.00026-X
Parham H, Rahbar N (2009) Solid phase extraction-spectrophotometric determination of salicylic acid using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as extractor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 50:58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.037
Phillips KM, Carlsen MH, Blomhoff R (2009) Total antioxidant content of alternatives to refined sugar. J Am Diet Assoc 109:64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.014
Prasetyo EN, Knes O, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM (2013) Developing SyrinOX total antioxidant capacity assay for measuring antioxidants in humans. Int J Exp Pathol 94:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/iep.12001
Quattrocchi OA, de Andrizzi SA, Laba RF (1992) Introducción a la HPLC, Aplicación y Práctica, 1st edn. Artes Gráficas Farro SA, Buenos Aires
Quero HJ (1992) Current status of mexican palms. Principes 36:203–216
Raudonis R, Bumblauskiene L, Jakstas V, Pukalskas A, Janulis V (2010) Optimization and validation of post-column assay for screening of radical scavengers in herbal raw materials and herbal preparations. J Chromatogr A 1217:7690–7698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.017
Raudonis R, Raudone L, Jakstas V, Janulis V (2012) Comparative evaluation of post-column free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays for screening of antioxidants in strawberries. J Chromatogr A 1233:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.019
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 26:1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Rivero-Pérez MD, Muñiz P, Gonzalez-Sanjosé ML (2007) Antioxidant profile of red wines evaluated by total antioxidant capacity, scavenger activity, and biomarkers of oxidative stress methodologies. J Agric Food Chem 55:5476–5483. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070306q
Rubio CP, Hernández-Ruiz J, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Arnao MB, Ceron JJ (2016) Validation of three automated assays for total antioxidant capacity determination in canine serum samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 28:693–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638716664939
Soleri D, Cleveland DA (2007) Tejate: theobroma Cacao and T. bicolor in a traditional beverage from Oaxaca, Mexico. Food Foodways 15:107–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710701260131
Soleri D, Cleveland DA, Aragón Cuevas F (2008) Food globalization and local diversity: the case of tejate, a traditional maize and cacao beverage from Oaxaca, Mexico. Curr Anthropol 49:281–290. https://doi.org/10.1086/527562
Sotelo A, Soleri D, Wacher C, Sánchez-Chinchillas A, Argote RM (2012) Chemical and nutritional composition of tejate, a traditional maize and cacao beverage from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 67:148–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-012-0281-5
Thakare R, Chhonker YS, Gautam N, Alamoudi JA, Alnouti Y (2016) Quantitative analysis of endogenous compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 128:426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.017
US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine (USDHHS, FDA, CDER, and CVM) (2018) Bioanalytical method validation: guidance for industry. United State of America, Maryland. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm070107.Pdf. Accessed 20 Aug 2018
van de Merbel NC (2008) Quantitative determination of endogenous compounds in biological samples using chromatographic techniques. Trends Anal Chem 27:924–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.002
Van Hung P (2016) Phenolic Compounds of Cereals and Their Antioxidant Capacity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.708909
Wangcharoen W, Morasuk W (2007) Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of holy basil. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 29:1407–1415
World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. Switzerland, Geneva
Yuan JP, Chen F (1998) Degradation of ascorbic acid in aqueous solution. J Agric Food Chem 46:5078–5082. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9805404
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Funding obtained from the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi under Grant number C16-FAI-09-25.25. Maria L. Gonzalez-Rivera is a CONACYT fellow (Grant number: 584981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest, including any financial, personal or other relationships with people or organizations.
Ethical approval
The current study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee from the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi (approval number MAY 2017/001). This work was conducted in accordance with the National Research Council Guide (2011) for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Mexican Official Normativity (NOM-062-ZOO-1999 2001), and institutional standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent is not applicable due to the nature of this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gonzalez-Rivera, M.L., Martinez-Morales, F., Alonso-Castro, A.J. et al. Matrix effect evaluation and validation of the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation scavenging assay, as well as its application using a tejate, an ancient beverage in Mexico. Chem. Pap. 73, 2767–2781 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00829-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00829-3
Keywords
- Antioxidant activity
- Matrix effect
- Analytical validation
- Tejate beverage
- Plasma sample