Abstract
Nano-scaled P2ClAn was synthesized via chemical oxidation polymerization. The effects of oxidant concentration, surfactant type and concentration on the synthesized P2ClAn were investigated. Electrical conductivity results revealed that the undoped P2ClAn synthesized by APS at the monomer:oxidant mole ratio of 1:1 was the most suitable condition to yield the highest P2ClAn electrical conductivity. The morphological structures of P2ClAn changed from an irregular-shaped structure to a cylinder shape or a flake-like shape depending on the surfactant type and concentration. P2ClAn in the presence of SDS, used as a surfactant template, provided particles with an average nanosize of 56.2 nm and higher electrical conductivity than using CTAB. Further doping process of P2ClAn was studied using HClO4. The electrical conductivity of the doped dP2ClAn/SDS50 increased by three orders of magnitude, at the monomer:doping mole ratio of 1:25 possessing the highest electrical conductivity of 10.47 S cm−1, relative to the synthesized P2ClAn without doping.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balint R, Cassidy NJ, Cartmell SH (2014) Conductive polymers: towards a smart biomaterial for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 10:2341–2353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.015
Gök A, Şen S (2006) Preparation and characterization of poly (2-chloroaniline)/SiO2 nanocomposite via oxidative polymerization: comparative UV–vis studies into different solvents of poly (2-chloroaniline) and poly (2-chloroaniline)/SiO2. J Appl Polym Sci 102:935–943. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24266
Gök A, Sarı B, Talu M (2003) Chemical preparation of conducting polyfuran/poly (2-chloroaniline) composites and their properties: a comparison of their components, polyfuran and poly (2-chloroaniline). J Appl Polym Sci 88:2924–2931. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12006
Hafizah MAE, Bimantoro A, Andreas Manaf A (2016) Synthesized of conductive polyaniline by solution polymerization technique. Procedia Chem 19:162–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.088
Hoshina Y, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Farnood R, Kobayashi T (2012) Nanosizedpolypyrrole affected by surfactant agitation for emulsion polymerization. Polymerbulletin 68:1689–1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-011-0669-7
Hu X, Bao H, Wang P, Jin S, Gu Z (2012) Mechanism of formation of polyaniline flakes with high degree of crystallization using a soft template in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Polym Int 61(5):768–773. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4137
Jafari Y, Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Ghoreishi SM (2014) Poly (2-chloroaniline) electropolymerization coatings on aluminum alloy 3105 and evaluating their corrosion protection performance. Trans Indian Inst Met 67:511–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-013-0374-3
Kim BJ, Oh SG, Han MG, Im SS (2001) Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanoparticles in SDS micellar solutions. Synth Met 122:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(00)00304-0
Kwon WJ, Suh DH, Chin BD, Yu JW (2008) Preparation of polypyrrole nanoparticles in mixed surfactants system. J Appl Polym Sci 110:1324–1329. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28478
Linganathan P, Samuel JM (2014) Effect of dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid on the electrical conductivity behaviour of poly (2-chloroaniline) and poly (2-chloroaniline)/silk blends. Am J Polym Sci 4:107–116. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20140404.02
Linganathan P, Sundararajan J, Samuel JM (2014) Synthesis, characterization, and photoconductivity studies on poly (2-chloroaniline) and poly (2-chloroaniline)/CuO nanocomposites. J Compos 2014:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/838975
MacDiarmid AG, Epstein AJ (1995) Secondary doping in polyaniline. Synth Met 69:85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)02374-8
Mallick K, Witcomb MJ, Scurrell MS (2006) In situ synthesis of copper nanoparticles and poly (o-toluidine): a metal–polymer composite material. Eur Polym J 42:670–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.020
Mattoso LHC, Manohar SK, MacDiarmid AG, Epstein A (1995) Studies on the chemical syntheses and on the characteristics of polyaniline derivatives. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 33:1227–1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080330805
Mostafaei A, Zolriasatein A (2012) Synthesis and characterization of conducting polyaniline nanocomposites containing ZnO nanorod. Prog Nat Sci: Mater Int 22:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2012.07.002
Nagavarma BVN, Yadav HK, Ayaz A, Vasudha LS, Shivakumar HG (2012) Different techniques for preparation of polymeric nanoparticles—a review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 5:16–23
Niranjana M, Yesappa L, Ashokkumar SP, Vijeth H, Raghu S, Devendrappa H (2016) Localized polarons in in situ synthesized polyaniline nanocomposite improve the morphology and the thermal and electrical conductivity. RSC Adv 6:115074–115084. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24137a
Omastova M, Trchova M, Kovářová J, Stejskal J (2003) Synthesis and structural study of polypyrroles prepared in the presence of surfactants. Synth Met 138:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(02)00498-8
Pandule SS, Shisodia SU, Patil MR, Pawar RP, Chabukswar VV (2016) Synthesis and characterization of methanesulfonic acid doped poly(2-chloroaniline), study of its physical properties and ammonia gas sensing application. J Macromol Sci Part A Pure Appl Chem 53:768–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2016.1237815
Paradee N, Sirivat A (2014) Synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles via chemical oxidation polymerization. Polym Int 63(1):106–113. https:/doi.org/10.1002/pi.4538
Permpool T, Sirivat A, Aussawasathien D, Wannatong L (2013) Removal of water extractable proteins from concentrated natural rubber latex by eggshells. Mater Res IBERO Am J Mater 16:1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244312452273
Salkar RA, Mukesh DS, Samant D, Manohar C (1998) Mechanism of micelle to vesicle transition in cationic–anionic surfactant mixtures. Langmuir 14:3778–3782. https://doi.org/10.1021/la971024v
Sangwan W, Paradee N, Sirivat A (2016) Polycarbazole by chemical oxidative interfacial polymerization: morphology and electrical conductivity based on synthesis conditions. Polym Int 65:1232–1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5186
Sevil UA, Coşkun E, Güven O (2014) Electrical conductivity and spectroscopic characterization of blends of poly (2-chloroaniline)/polyaniline P (2ClANI)/PANI copolymer with PVC exposed to gamma-rays. Radiat Phys Chem 94:45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.07.029
Shilabin AG, Entezami AA (2000) Electrochemical behaviour of conducting polyfuran derivatives containing pyrrole, thiophene and ethylenic spacers. Eur Polymer J 36:2005–2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00262-1
Shioi A, Hatton TA (2002) Model for formation and growth of vesicles in mixed anionic/cationic (SOS/CTAB) surfactant systems. Langmuir 18:7341–7348. https://doi.org/10.1021/la020268z
Silveira FZ, Duarte GW, Tachinski CG, Piletti R, Fiori J, Peterson M, Fiori MA (2013) Polyaniline synthesis using hydrofluoric acid as doping agent: comparative evaluation with polyaniline doped with sulfuric acid. J Appl Polym Sci 128:430–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38187
Stejskal J, Omastová M, Fedorova S, Prokeš J, Trchová M (2003) Polyaniline and polypyrrole prepared in the presence of surfactants: a comparative conductivity study. Polymer 44:1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00906-0
Taleghani HG, Aleahmad M, Eisazadeh H (2010) Effect of surfactant on morphology and conductivity of polyaniline nanoparticles prepared in water/tetrahydrofuran Solution. Asian J Chem 22:6897–6899
Tang H, Kitani A, Shiotani M (1996) Effects of anions on electrochemical formation and overoxidation of polyaniline. Electrochimica Acta 41:1561–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(95)00408-4
Xing S, Chu Y, Sui X, Wu Z (2005) Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline in CTAB/hexanol/water reversed micelle. J Mater Sci 40:215–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-5711-4
Yari M, Sedaghat S (2009) In-situ synthesis and characterization of conducting metal-polyaniline nanocomposites. J Phys Theor Chem Islam Azad Univ Iran 5:189–193
Zhang Z, Wei Z, Wan M (2002) Nanostructures of polyaniline doped with inorganic acids. Macromolecules 35:5937–5942. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma020199v
Zhou D, Li Y, Wang J, Xu P, Han X (2011) Synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers with high electrical conductivity from CTAB–SDBS mixed surfactants. Mater Lett 65:3601–3604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.021
Acknowledgements
The work received financial supports from the Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit (CEAP) and the CU second Century Project (CUAASC) of Chulalongkorn University, the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), and the Royal Thai Government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kongkaew, W., Sangwan, W., Prissanaroon-Ouajai, W. et al. Synthesis and characterization of poly(2-chloroaniline) by chemical oxidative polymerization. Chem. Pap. 72, 1007–1020 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0343-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0343-0