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Optimization of process conditions for biodiesel production over CaO–Al2O3/ZrO2 catalyst using response surface methodology

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Abstract

CaO–Al2O3/ZrO2 mixed oxide catalyst was prepared using free-solvent method. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, acidity index (obtained by titration method), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With calcium aluminate and calcium zirconate been successfully formed, the mix exhibited small crystal size, high acidity, and large surface area, pore size, and pore volume, making it a catalyst of choice for biodiesel production. The activity of catalyst was evaluated in the course of esterification of oleic acid as well as transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel. Based on a four-variable central composite design (CCD), response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize effective variables on oleic acid conversion. The optimum yield of 94.68% was obtained at the following set of optimum conditions: reaction temperature of 120 °C, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 15.64, catalyst concentration of 2.94 wt%, and reaction time of 4 h; the result was in excellent agreement with the predicted values. Furthermore, under the optimum conditions, the catalyst succeeded to convert 93.48% of WCO into biodiesel.

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Acknowledgement

Financial support of the Islamic Azad University, Quchan branch is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran

    Mohammad Hojjat & Mahmoodreza Khadangi-Mahrood

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Hamed Nayebzadeh

  3. Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Tabriz, Iran

    Behgam Rahmani-Vahid

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  1. Mohammad Hojjat
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  2. Hamed Nayebzadeh
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  3. Mahmoodreza Khadangi-Mahrood
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  4. Behgam Rahmani-Vahid
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Correspondence to Mohammad Hojjat.

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Hojjat, M., Nayebzadeh, H., Khadangi-Mahrood, M. et al. Optimization of process conditions for biodiesel production over CaO–Al2O3/ZrO2 catalyst using response surface methodology. Chem. Pap. 71, 689–698 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0096-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0096-1

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