Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Nutritional Pyramid for Post-gastric Bypass Patients

  • Current Status
  • Published:
Obesity Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Life-long nutrition education and diet evaluation are key to the long-term success of surgical treatment of obesity. Diet guidelines provided for bariatric surgery patients generally focus on a progression through dietary stages, from the immediate post-surgical period to 6 months after surgery. However, long-term dietary guidelines for those surgically treated for obesity are not readily available. Therefore, there is a need for dietary recommendations for meal planning and nutritional supplementation for bariatric surgery patients beyond the short-term, post-operative period. The purpose of this paper is to construct an educational tool to provide long-term nutritional and behavioral advice for the post-bariatric patient.

Methods

The manuscript summarizes the current knowledge on dietary strategies and behaviors associated with beneficial nutritional outcomes in the long term of post-bariatric surgery patients.

Results

Dietary and nutritional recommendations are presented in the form of a “bariatric food pyramid” designed to be easily disseminated to patients.

Conclusions

The development of educational tools that are easy to understand and follow is essential for effective patient management during the surgery follow-up period. The pyramid can be used as a tool to help both therapists and patients to understand nutrition recommendations and thus promote a healthy long-term post-op dietary pattern based on high-quality protein, balanced with nutrient-dense complex carbohydrates and healthy sources of essential fatty acids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mechanick JI, Kushner RF, Sugerman HJ, Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Collazo-Clavell ML, Spitz AF, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery medical guidelines for clinical practice for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17 Suppl 1:S1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Yang M-U, Vanitallie TB. Effect of energy restriction on body composition and nitrogen balance in obese individuals. In: Wadden TA, Vanitallie TB, editors. Treatment of the seriously obese patient. Chapter 4. The Guilford Press; 1992.

  3. Parkes E. Nutritional management of patients after bariatric surgery. Am J Med Sci. 2006;331(4):207–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hwang KO, Childs JH, Goodrick GK, Aboughali WA, Thomas EJ, Johnson CW, et al. Explanations for unsuccessful weight loss among bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2008;19:1377–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Hunger control and regular physical activity facilitate weight loss after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg. 2008;18(7):833–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tucker ON, Szomstein S, Rosenthal RJ. Nutritional consequences of weight-loss surgery. Med Clin North Am. 2007;91(3):499–514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Allied Health Sciences Section Ad Hoc Nutrition Committee, Aills L, Blankenship J, Buffington C, Furtado M, Parrott J. ASMBS allied health nutritional guidelines for the surgical weight loss patient. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(5 Suppl):S73–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lissner L, Lindroos AK, Sjöström L. Swedish obese subjects (SOS): an obesity intervention study with a nutritional perspective. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52:316–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brolin RE, Robertson LB, Kenler HA, Cody RP. Weight loss and dietary intake after vertical banded gastroplasty and roux-en-y gastric bypass. Ann Surg. 1994;220(6):782–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wardé Kamar J, Rogers M, Flancbaum L, Laferrère B. Calorie intake and meal patterns up to 4 years after roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1070–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Swenson BR, Saalwachter Schulman A, Edwards MJ, Gross MP, Hedrick TL, Weltman AL, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet on post laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss: a prospective randomized trial. J Surg Res. 2007;142(2):308–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bobbioni-Harsch E, Hober O, Morel Ph, Chassot G, et al. Factors influencing energy intake and body weight loss after gastric bypass. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56:551–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Leite Faria S, de Oliveira Kelly E, Diniz Lins R, Pereira Faria O. Nutritional management of weight regain after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2008;20:135–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hwang KO, Childs JH, Goodrick GK, Aboughali WA, Thomas EJ, Johnson CW, et al. Explanations for unsuccessful weight loss among bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2009;19(10):1377–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Moore RH, Baker AW, Gibbons LM, Raper SE, et al. Preoperative eating behavior, postoperative dietary adherence, and weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(5):640–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Harris JA, Benedict FG. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Publication No79 of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919.

  17. Bloomberg RD, Fleishman A, Nalle JE, Herron DM, Kini S. Nutritional deficiencies following bariatric surgery: what have we learned? Obes Surg. 2005;15:145–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Scruggs DM, Cowan Jr GS, Klesges L, Defibaugh N, Walker R, Kuyper B, et al. Weight loss and caloric intake after regular and extended gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 1993;3(3):233–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bavaresco M, Paganini S, Lima TP, Salgado W Jr, Ceneviva R, Dos Santos JE, et al. Nutritional course of patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2008; http://www.springerlink.com/content/6086615p7nv74162/fulltext.pdf.

  20. Moize V, Geliebter A, Gluck ME, Yahav E, Lorence M, Colarusso T, et al. Obese patients have inadequate protein intake related to protein intolerance up to 1 year following roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2003;13(1):23–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(26):2683–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kenler HA, Brolin RE, Cody RP. Changes in eating behaviour after horizontal gastroplasty and roux-en-y gastric bypass. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52:87–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lewandowski H, Breen TL, Huang EY. Kwashiorkor and an acrodermatitis enteropatica-like eruption after a distal gastric bypass surgical procedure. Endocr Pract. 2007;13(3):277–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brolin RE, Kenler HA, Gorman JH, Cody RP. Long-limb gastric bypass in the superobese. A prospective randomized study. Ann Surg. 1992;215(4):387–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chaston TB, Dixon JB. Factors associated with percent change in visceral versus subcutaneous abdominal fat during weight loss: findings from a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(4):619–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tomé D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR. Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009;29:21–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stocker DJ. Management of the bariatric surgery patient. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003;32:437–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Marcason W. What are the dietary guidelines following bariatric surgery? J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:487–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Eliot K. Nutritional considerations after bariatric surgery. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2003;26:133–8.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Avinoha E, Ovnat A, Charuzi I. Nutritional status seven years after roux-en-y gastric bypass surgery. Surgery. 1992;111(2):137–42.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fujioka K. Follow-up of nutritional and metabolic problems after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:481–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ello-Martin JA, Roe LS, LediKwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(6):1465–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Seagle HM, Strain GW, Makris A, Reeves RS, American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(2):330–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Klem ML, Wing RR, Chang CC, Lang W, McGuire MT, Sugerman HJ, et al. A case–control study of successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: individuals who lost weight through surgery versus those who lost weight through non-surgical means. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(5):573–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. American Diabetes Association Task Force for Writing Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Management of Diabetes and Related Complications. American Diabetes Association position statement: evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(1):109–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Innis SM. Essential dietary lipids. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ Jr, editors. Present knowledge in nutrition. 7th ed.

  37. Leite Faria S, Pereira Faria O, Carvalho Lopes T, Galvao MV, de Oliveira KE, Ito MK. Relation between carbohydrate intake and weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19(6):708–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Cook CM, Edwards C. Success habits of long-term gastric bypass patients. Obes Surg. 1999;9(1):80–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hafner RJ, Watts JM, Rogers J. Quality of life after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Int J Obes. 1991;15(8):555–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ukleja A. Dumping syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20:517–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Department of Agriculture. Chapter 7:35-38. (USDA www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines).

  42. Kellogg TA, Bantle JP, Leslie DB, Redmond JB, Slusarek B, Swan T, et al. Postgastric bypass hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia syndrome: characterization and response to a modified diet. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(4):492–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Jenkins DJ, Gassull MA, Leeds AR, Metz G, Dilawari JB, Slavin B, et al. Effect of dietary fiber on complications of gastric surgery: prevention postprandial hypoglycemia by pectin. Gastroenterology. 1977;73(2):215–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Aasheim ET, Hofsø D, Hjelmesæth J, Birkeland KI, Bøhmer T. Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:362–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Al-Fahad T, Ismael A, Soliman MO, Khoursheed M. Very early onset of Wernicke’s encephalopathy after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2006;6(5):671–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Rhode BM, Shustik C, Christou NV, MacLean LD. Iron absorption and therapy after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 1999;9(1):17–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Colossi FG, Casagrande DS, Chatkin R, Moretto M, Barhouch AS, Repetto G, et al. Need for multivitamin use in the postoperative period of gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2008;18(2):187–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Coupaye M, Puchaux K, Bogard C, Msika S, Jouet P, Clerici C, et al. Nutritional consequences of adjustable gastric banding and gastric bypass: a 1-year prospective study. Obes Surg. 2009;19(1):56–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Bond DS, Phelan S, Wolfe LG, Evans RK, Meador JG, Kellum JM, et al. Becoming physically active after bariatric surgery is associated with improved weight loss and health-related quality of life. Obesity. 2009;17(1):78–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Panagiotakos D, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Palliou K, Lentzas I, Skoumas I, et al. Dietary patterns and 5-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: a multivariate analysis of the ATTICA study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(4):253–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Favretti F, O'Brien PE, Dixon JB. Patient management after LAP-BAND placement. Am J Surg. 2002;184(6B):38S–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Leite Faria S, de Oliveira KE, Pereira Faria O, Kiyomi Ito M. Snack-eating patients experience lesser weight loss after roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg. 2009;19(9):1293–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Obesity Unit, Hospital Clinic i Universitari, Barcelona, Spain

    Violeta L. Moizé & Josep Vidal

  2. Obesity Research Center, St. Luke’s–Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York, USA

    Xavier Pi-Sunyer

  3. The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA

    Heidi Mochari

  4. Obesity Unit, Endocrinology Department, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain

    Violeta L. Moizé

Authors
  1. Violeta L. Moizé
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xavier Pi-Sunyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Heidi Mochari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Josep Vidal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Violeta L. Moizé.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moizé, V.L., Pi-Sunyer, X., Mochari, H. et al. Nutritional Pyramid for Post-gastric Bypass Patients. OBES SURG 20, 1133–1141 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0160-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0160-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation