Abstract
The disparity in species richness among clades of angiosperms is partly explained by differences in evolutionary and biogeographic processes; however, part of this imbalance remains elusive. The relationships between species diversification and key innovations, as well as the impact of clade age, are also predicted to explain such disparities. This relationship has not been examined using phylogeny-based approaches based on holomorphology, i.e., concatenated morphological and molecular datasets. Despite some large-scale evolutionary studies that have contributed to the knowledge of Brazilian flora, the evolutionary history of angiosperms endemic to Brazilian provinces has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, this study had two principal targets. First, we investigated the species richness and distribution patterns of endemic angiosperm genera. Secondly, we perform a phylogenetic analysis based on holomorphology to examine the relationship between species diversification and putative key innovations (by homology assessments) and the effects of clade age on diversification in species-rich genera. We identified the occurrence of 341 exclusive genera (45% monotypic) in 61 families. Our results indicate a positive correlation between diversification and the number of putative key innovations per order but a negative or non-existent one per family. Furthermore, our findings contradict the idea that clade age is associated with species-rich genera, challenging the notion that clade age is a determining factor in species richness. The results showed that 14 traits are closely associated with diversification, and the confluence between biotic and abiotic factors drove the diversification of species-rich genera in the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Parana provinces.
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Acknowledgements
We are very grateful for the constructive comments by anonymous reviewers and the handling editor, which helped to substantially improve this manuscript. Thanks to all systematists that made available to DNA sequences and occurrence data. This paper was part of a post-doctoral study conducted by JGS at Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Thanks, extended to Willi Hennig Society for subsidizing the program TNT and making it freely available. The authors are grateful to the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for the post-doctoral fellowship granted to JGS. RCF received a Research Productivity Fellowship from FAPERJ (FAPERJ; processes n° E-26/202.778/2018). This study was partially financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
Funding
The authors are grateful to the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for the post-doctoral fellowship granted to JGS. RCF received a Research Productivity Fellowship from FAPERJ (E-26/202.778/2018). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
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JGS and RCF conceived and designed this study; investigations and dataset analyses were performed by JGS; The frst draft of the manuscript was written by JGS; both authors read and approved the final manuscript and contributed to revisions; Both the authors gave final approval for publication,
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Supplementary Material 1: Appendix A. Material examined, vouchers specimens representative of the species used for the morphological and molecular analysis. Appendix B. List of morphological characters and characters states used in phylogenetic analysis. Appendix C. Data matrix with 722 species and 62 morphological characters used in the phylogenetic analysis. Appendix D. Accession numbers for 722 species across the five loci used in this study. Appendix E. Table1. List of angiosperm genera endemic to Brazil with number of species circumscribed by genus. Appendix F. The majority tree of the species of angiosperm genera endemic to Brazilian provinces, obtained from the maximum-parsimony (MP) searches using IW (K= 14.84), with a concatenated molecular data matrix (i), and the spatial distribution of endemic angiosperm genera in Brazil. Province and dominion follow Morrone (2014). Basal angiosperms (yellow), monocots (red), eudicots (green). Appendix G. Guiding map of Brazilian states. Appendix H. Complete list of references used in timetree.
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Gomes-da-Silva, J., Forzza, R.C. Holomorphology, Space, and Time to Shed Light on the Evolution and Distributional Pattern of the Endemic Flowering Plants of Brazil. Evol Biol 51, 82–105 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-023-09620-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-023-09620-5