Interrelations Between the Cranium, the Mandible and Muscle Architecture in Modern Domestic Dogs

Brassard, Colline; Merlin, Marilaine; Guintard, Claude; Monchâtre-Leroy, Elodie; Barrat, Jacques; Callou, Cécile; Cornette, Raphaël; Herrel, Anthony

doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09515-9

Research Article
Published: 18 September 2020

Interrelations Between the Cranium, the Mandible and Muscle Architecture in Modern Domestic Dogs

Colline Brassard ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-2708^1,2,
Marilaine Merlin¹,
Claude Guintard^3,4,
Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy⁵,
Jacques Barrat⁵,
Cécile Callou²,
Raphaël Cornette⁶ &
Anthony Herrel¹

Evolutionary Biology volume 47, pages 308–324 (2020)Cite this article

432 Accesses
4 Citations
65 Altmetric
Metrics details

Abstract

Many studies have attested to the consequences of the recent and intense artificial selection on the morphological variability of the cranium and mandible in domestic animals. However, the functional relations of the cranium with other constituents of the masticatory apparatus (the mandibles and the adductor muscles) have rarely been explored. Previous work has demonstrated strong relationships between the overall shape of the mandible and muscle data, however, drastic artificial selection in dogs has led to frequent malocclusions, suggesting a possible decoupling between the cranium and the mandible. Moreover, the more complex role of the cranium suggests that it is likely less impacted by, and correlated with, the architecture of the jaw muscles than the mandible. We explored the covariations between cranial and mandibular shape and between cranial shape and the masticatory muscle architecture. Shape analyses were conducted on 58 dogs from various breeds and we used muscle data previously obtained from the dissection of 48 of these dogs. The shape of the cranium was quantified using 3D geometric morphometric approaches. Principal component analyses (PCA) and two-block partial least square analyses (2B-PLS) were used to quantify the variations in cranial shape and the covariations with mandible shape and muscle architecture, respectively. Interestingly, our results reveal strong covariations between cranial shape and mandibular shape and between cranial shape and masticatory muscles mass or physiological cross-sectional area, irrespective of whether size is taken into account or not. We conclude that the drastic artificial selection in domestic dogs has not tainted the integrity of the jaw system, which reinforces previous assumptions hypothesising that phenotypic variability in dogs may be limited by developmental factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Adams, D. C., & Collyer, M. L. (2016). On the comparison of the strength of morphological integration across morphometric datasets. Evolution, 70(11), 2623–2631. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13045.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Adams, D. C., & Collyer, M. L. (2017). Multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods: Evaluations, comparisons, and recommendations. Systematic Biology, 67(1), 14–31.
Article Google Scholar
Anderson, M. J. (2001). A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology, 26(1), 32–46.
Google Scholar
Anderson, M., & Braak, C. T. (2003). Permutation tests for multi-factorial analysis of variance. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 73(2), 85–113.
Article Google Scholar
Anderson, P. S., Renaud, S., & Rayfield, E. J. (2014). Adaptive plasticity in the mouse mandible. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-85.
Article Google Scholar
Barone, R. (2010). Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques: Tome 1, Ostéologie (5e édition.). Paris: Vigot.
Bell, A. F. (1965). Dental disease in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 6(6), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1965.tb04359.x.
Article Google Scholar
Blank, R. D. (2014). Bone and muscle pleiotropy: The genetics of associated traits. Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 12(2), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-014-9159-4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bookstein, F. L. (1997). Morphometric tools for landmark data: Geometry and biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Bouvier, M., & Hylander, W. L. (1981). Effect of bone strain on cortical bone structure in macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Morphology, 167(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670102.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Bouvier, M., & Hylander, W. L. (1984). The effect of dietary consistency on gross and histologic morphology in the craniofacial region of young rats. American Journal of Anatomy, 170(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001700109.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Brassard, C., Merlin, M., Guintard, C., Monchâtre-Leroy, E., Barrat, J., Callou, C., et al. (2020a). How does masticatory muscle architecture covary with mandibular shape in domestic dogs? Evolutionary Biology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-020-09499-6.
Article Google Scholar
Brassard, C., Merlin, M., Guintard, C., Monchâtre-Leroy, E., Barrat, J., Bausmayer, N., et al. (2020b). Bite force and its relationship to jaw shape in domestic dogs. Journal of Experimental Biology. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.224352.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Brotto, M., & Bonewald, L. (2015). Bone and muscle: Interactions beyond mechanical. Bone, 80, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.010.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Collyer, M. L., Sekora, D. J., & Adams, D. C. (2015). A method for analysis of phenotypic change for phenotypes described by high-dimensional data. Heredity, 115(4), 357.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Cornette, R., Baylac, M., Souter, T., & Herrel, A. (2013). Does shape co-variation between the skull and the mandible have functional consequences? A 3D approach for a 3D problem. Journal of Anatomy, 223(4), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12086.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cornette, R., Tresset, A., & Herrel, A. (2015). The shrew tamed by Wolff’s law: Do functional constraints shape the skull through muscle and bone covariation? Journal of Morphology, 276(3), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20339.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Curth, S. (2018). Modularity and integration in the skull of Canis lupus (Linnaeus 1758): A geometric morphometrics study on domestic dogs and wolves, 78.
Curth, S., Fischer, M. S., & Kupczik, K. (2017). Patterns of integration in the canine skull: An inside view into the relationship of the skull modules of domestic dogs and wolves. Zoology (Jena, Germany), 125, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.002.
Article Google Scholar
Daegling, D. J., & Hotzman, J. L. (2003). Functional significance of cortical bone distribution in anthropoid mandibles: an in vitro assessment of bone strain under combined loads. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 122(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10225.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Drake, A. G., Coquerelle, M., Kosintsev, P. A., Bachura, O. P., Sablin, M., Gusev, A. V., et al. (2017). Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of fossil canid mandibles and skulls. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 9508. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10232-1.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drake, A. G., & Klingenberg, C. P. (2008). The pace of morphological change: Historical transformation of skull shape in St Bernard dogs. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 275(1630), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1169.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Drake, A. G., & Klingenberg, C. P. (2010). Large-scale diversification of skull shape in domestic dogs: Disparity and modularity. The American Naturalist, 175(3), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1086/650372.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Dryden, I. L., & Mardia, K. V. (2016). Statistical shape analysis: With applications in R. New York: Wiley.
Book Google Scholar
Ellis, J. L., Thomason, J. J., Kebreab, E., & France, J. (2008). Calibration of estimated biting forces in domestic canids: Comparison of post-mortem and in vivo measurements. Journal of Anatomy, 212(6), 769–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00911.x.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ellis, J. L., Thomason, J., Kebreab, E., Zubair, K., & France, J. (2009). Cranial dimensions and forces of biting in the domestic dog. Journal of Anatomy, 214(3), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01042.x.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fabre, A.-C., Andrade, D. V., Huyghe, K., Cornette, R., & Herrel, A. (2014). Interrelationships between bones, muscles, and performance: biting in the lizard Tupinambis merianae. Evolutionary Biology, 41(4), 518–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-014-9286-3.
Article Google Scholar
Fabre, A.-C., Perry, J. M. G., Hartstone-Rose, A., Lowie, A., Boens, A., & Dumont, M. (2018). Do muscles constrain skull shape evolution in strepsirrhines? The Anatomical Record, 301(2), 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23712.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fau, M., Cornette, R., & Houssaye, A. (2016). Photogrammetry for 3D digitizing bones of mounted skeletons: Potential and limits. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 15(8), 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2016.08.003.
Article Google Scholar
Forbes-Harper, J. L., Crawford, H. M., Dundas, S. J., Warburton, N. M., Adams, P. J., Bateman, P. W., et al. (2017). Diet and bite force in red foxes: Ontogenetic and sex differences in an invasive carnivore. Journal of Zoology, 303(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12463.
Article Google Scholar
Frost, H. M. (2001). From Wolff’s law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications. The Anatomical Record, 262(4), 398–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1049.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Frost, H. M. (2003). Bone’s mechanostat: a 2003 update. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 275(2), 1081–1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.10119.
Article Google Scholar
Frost, H. M., & Schönau, E. (2000). The" muscle-bone unit" in children and adolescents: a 2000 overview. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 13(6), 571–590. https://doi.org/10.1515/JPEM.2000.13.6.571.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Goodall, C. (1991). Procrustes methods in the statistical analysis of shape. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 53(2), 285–321.
Google Scholar
Goswami, A., Watanabe, A., Felice, R. N., Bardua, C., Fabre, A.-C., & Polly, P. D. (2019). High-density morphometric analysis of shape and integration: The good, the bad, and the not-really-a-problem. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 59(3), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz120.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gunz, P., Mitteroecker, P., & Bookstein, F. L. (2005). Semilandmarks in three dimensions. In D. E. Slice (Ed.), Modern morphometrics in physical anthropology (pp. 73–98). Boston: Springer.
Chapter Google Scholar
He, T., & Kiliaridis, S. (2003). Effects of masticatory muscle function on craniofacial morphology in growing ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). European Journal of Oral Sciences, 111(6), 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-8836.2003.00080.x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Heck, L., Wilson, L. A. B., Evin, A., Stange, M., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2018). Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids. Frontiers in Zoology, 15(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-018-0258-9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Herring, S. W. (2011). Muscle-bone interactions and the development of skeletal phenotype: Jaw muscles and the skull. Epigenetics Linking Genotype and Phenotype in Development and Evolution., 13, 201.
Google Scholar
Iinuma, M., Yoshida, S., & Funakoshi, M. (1991). Development of masticatory muscles and oral behavior from suckling to chewing in dogs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology, 100(4), 789–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90293-l.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kiliaridis, S., Engström, C., & Thilander, B. (1985). The relationship between masticatory function and craniofacial morphology: I. A cephalometric longitudinal analysis in the growing rat fed a soft diet. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 7(4), 273–283.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kiliaridis, S., Tzakis, M. G., & Carlsson, G. E. (1995). Effects of fatigue and chewing training on maximal bite force and endurance. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 107(4), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(95)70089-7.
CAS Article Google Scholar
Kim, S. E., Arzi, B., Garcia, T. C., & Verstraete, F. J. M. (2018). Bite forces and their measurement in dogs and cats. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00076.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Klingenberg, C. P., Barluenga, M., & Meyer, A. (2002). Shape analysis of symmetric structures: Quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry. Evolution, 56(10), 1909–1920. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00117.x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Klingenberg, C. P., & Navarro, N. (2012). Development of the mouse mandible. In J. Piálek, M. Macholán, P. Munclinger, & S. J. E. Baird (Eds.), Evolution of the house mouse (pp. 135–149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chapter Google Scholar
Liebman, F. M., & Kussick, L. (1965). An Electromyographic analysis of masticatory muscle imbalance with relation to skeletal growth in dogs. Journal of Dental Research, 44(4), 768–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345650440042401.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Machado, F. A., Zahn, T. M. G., & Marroig, G. (2018). Evolution of morphological integration in the skull of Carnivora (Mammalia): Changes in Canidae lead to increased evolutionary potential of facial traits. Evolution, 72(7), 1399–1419. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13495.
Article Google Scholar
Milella, L. (2009). Mandibular brachygnathism in dogs. Companion. Animal, 14(6), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3862.2009.tb00382.x.
Article Google Scholar
Mitteroecker, P., & Bookstein, F. (2007). The conceptual and statistical relationship between modularity and morphological integration. Systematic Biology,56(5), 818–836.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mitteroecker, P., Gunz, P., Bernhard, M., Schaefer, K., & Bookstein, F. L. (2004). Comparison of cranial ontogenetic trajectories among great apes and humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 46(6), 679–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.006.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Parker, H. G., Kim, L. V., Sutter, N. B., Carlson, S., Lorentzen, T. D., Malek, T. B., et al. (2004). Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog. Science, 304(5674), 1160–1164.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Penrose, F., Cox, P., Kemp, G., & Jeffery, N. (2020). Functional morphology of the jaw adductor muscles in the Canidae. The Anatomical Record, 1, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24391.
Article Google Scholar
Renaud, S., Auffray, J.-C., & de la Porte, S. (2010). Epigenetic effects on the mouse mandible: Common features and discrepancies in remodeling due to muscular dystrophy and response to food consistency. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-28.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Roberts, T., McGreevy, P., & Valenzuela, M. (2010). Human induced rotation and reorganization of the brain of domestic dogs. PLoS ONE, 5(7), e11946. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011946.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rohlf, F. J., & Corti, M. (2000). Use of two-block partial least-squares to study covariation in shape. Systematic Biology, 49(4), 740–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351500750049806.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rohlf, F., & Slice, D. (1990). Extensions of the procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology, 39, 40–59. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992207.
Article Google Scholar
Schlager, S. (2012). Sliding semi-landmarks on symmetric structures in three dimensions. Présenté à the 81st annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Portland, OR, Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
Schoenau, E. (2005). From mechanostat theory to development of the « Functional Muscle-Bone-Unit ». Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions, 3, 232–238.
Google Scholar
Scott, J. E., McAbee, K. R., Eastman, M. M., & Ravosa, M. J. (2014a). Teaching an old jaw new tricks: Diet-induced plasticity in a model organism from weaning to adulthood. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217(22), 4099–4107. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.111708.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Scott, J. E., McAbee, K. R., Eastman, M. M., & Ravosa, M. J. (2014b). Experimental perspective on fallback foods and dietary adaptations in early hominins. Biology Letters, 10(1), 20130789. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0789.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Selba, M. C., Oechtering, G. U., Gan Heng, H., & DeLeon, V. B. (2019). The impact of selection for facial reduction in dogs: geometric morphometric analysis of canine cranial shape. The Anatomical Record. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24184.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sharir, A., Stern, T., Rot, C., Shahar, R., & Zelzer, E. (2011). Muscle force regulates bone shaping for optimal load-bearing capacity during embryogenesis. Development, 138(15), 3247–3259. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.063768.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Shirai, M., Kawai, N., Hichijo, N., Watanabe, M., Mori, H., Mitsui, S. N., et al. (2018). Effects of gum chewing exercise on maximum bite force according to facial morphology. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, 4(2), 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.102.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Slizewski, A., Schönau, E., Shaw, C., & Harvati, K. (2013). Muscle area estimation from cortical bone. The Anatomical Record, 296(11), 1695–1707. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22788.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Smith, A. L., & Grosse, I. R. (2016). The biomechanics of zygomatic arch shape. Anatomical Record, 299(12), 1734–1752. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23484.
Article Google Scholar
Spassov, A., Toro-Ibacache, V., Krautwald, M., Brinkmeier, H., & Kupczik, K. (2017). Congenital muscle dystrophy and diet consistency affect mouse skull shape differently. Journal of Anatomy, 231(5), 736–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12664.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thompson, D. J., Throckmorton, G. S., & Buschang, P. H. (2001). The effects of isometric exercise on maximum voluntary bite forces and jaw muscle strength and endurance. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 28(10), 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2001.00772.x.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Vecchione, L., Byron, C., Cooper, G., Barbano, T., Hamrick, M. W., Sciote, J., et al. (2007). Craniofacial morphology in myostatin-deficient mice. Journal of Dental Research, 86(11), 1068–1072.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Vecchione, L., Miller, J., Byron, C., Cooper, G. M., Barbano, T., Cray, J., et al. (2010). Age-related changes in craniofacial morphology in GDF-8 (myostatin)-deficient mice. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 293(1), 32–41.
Article Google Scholar
Wayne, R. K. (1986). Cranial morphology of domestic and wild canids: The influence of development on morphological change. Evolution, 40(2), 243–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00467.x.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Wiley, D. F., Amenta, N., Alcantara, D. A., Ghosh, D., Kil, Y. J., Delson, E., et al. (2005). Evolutionary morphing. In VIS 05 IEEE visualization, 2005 (pp. 431‑438). Présenté à VIS 05. IEEE Visualization. https://doi.org/10.1109/VISUAL.2005.1532826.
Wolff, J. (1986). The law of bone remodelling. Berlin: Springer.
Book Google Scholar
Wroe, S., Clausen, P., McHenry, C., Moreno, K., & Cunningham, E. (2007). Computer simulation of feeding behaviour in the thylacine and dingo as a novel test for convergence and niche overlap. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1627), 2819–2828.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yamamoto, M., Takada, H., Ishizuka, S., Kitamura, K., Jeong, J., Sato, M., et al. (2020). Morphological association between the muscles and bones in the craniofacial region. PLoS ONE, 15(1), e0227301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227301.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the Veterinary school ONIRIS-Nantes (France) and Anses (Nancy, France) for providing dog heads for dissection. We are grateful to Manuel Comte, Mickaël Godet and Frederic Lebatard for their help in managing specimens and their helpful discussions about the preparation of the skulls. We also thank Arnaud Delapré for his help with photogrammetry. We are very grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their comments and advice on an earlier version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

UMR 7179 Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (CNRS, MNHN), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, Paris, France
Colline Brassard, Marilaine Merlin & Anthony Herrel
Archéozoologie, archéobotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP5575005, Paris, France
Colline Brassard & Cécile Callou
Laboratoire d’Anatomie comparée, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, de l’Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes Atlantique – ONIRIS, Nantes Cedex 03, France
Claude Guintard
GEROM, UPRES EA 4658, LABCOM ANR NEXTBONE, Faculté de santé de l’Université d’Angers, Angers, France
Claude Guintard
ANSES, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage, Station expérimentale d’Atton, Malzéville, France
Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy & Jacques Barrat
UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
Raphaël Cornette

Authors

Colline Brassard
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Marilaine Merlin
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Claude Guintard
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Jacques Barrat
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Cécile Callou
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Raphaël Cornette
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Anthony Herrel
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Colline Brassard.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Colline Brassard and Marilaine Merlin are co-first authors.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Fig. S1

Distribution of the specimens along the allometric slope with a visualisation of the differences between large and small specimens relative to consensus shape. Ages are indicated by different shapes and morphotypes are indicated by different colors. Beagles are located in the green area. Ams: American Staffordshire terrier; Box: Boxer; Buld: Bulldog; Bult: Bull terrier; Chi: Chihuahua; Can: Cane Corso; Kin: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; Pap: Papillon; Pit: Pitbull; Rot: Rottweiler; Mas: Mastiff; Fox: Fox terrier; Bel: Belgian Shepherd; Bor: Border collie; Col: Collie; Dac: Dachshund; Ger: German Shepherd; Gol: Golden retriever; Hus: Husky; Leo: Leonberg; She: Shetland sheepdog. (TIFF 7423 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S2

2-Block Partial Least Square Analyses between cranial shape and the masses of the jaw muscles, with vectors and shapes at the minimum and maximum of the PLS axis. Illustrations represent the deformations from the consensus to the extreme of the axis in lateral and dorsal views. Ages are indicated by different shapes and morphotypes are indicated by different colors. Beagles are located in the green area. Ams: American Staffordshire terrier; Box: Boxer; Buld: Bulldog; Bult: Bull terrier; Chi: Chihuahua; Can: Cane Corso; Kin: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; Pap: Papillon; Pit: Pitbull; Rot: Rottweiler; Mas: Mastiff; Fox: Fox terrier; Bel: Belgian Shepherd; Bor: Border collie; Col: Collie; Dac: Dachshund; Ger: German Shepherd; Gol: Golden retriever; Hus: Husky; Leo: Leonberg; She: Shetland sheepdog. Dig: M. digastricus; MS: M. masseter pars superficialis; MP: M. masseter pars profunda; ZMA: M. zygomaticomandibularis pars anterior; ZMP: M. zygomaticomandibularis pars posterior; SZ: M. temporalis pars suprazygomatica; TS: M. temporalis pars superficialis; TP: M. temporalis pars profunda; PM+PL: M. pterygoideus pars medialis and lateralis. (TIFF 6503 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S3

2-Block Partial Least Square Analyses between the allometry-free cranial shape and the residual masses of the jaw muscles, with vectors and shapes at the minimum and maximum of the PLS axis. Illustrations represent the deformations from the consensus to the extreme of the axis in lateral and dorsal views. Ages are indicated by different shapes and morphotypes are indicated by different colors. Beagles are located in the green area. Ams: American Staffordshire terrier; Box: Boxer; Buld: Bulldog; Bult: Bull terrier; Chi: Chihuahua; Can: Cane Corso; Kin: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel; Pap: Papillon; Pit: Pitbull; Rot: Rottweiler; Mas: Mastiff; Fox: Fox terrier; Bel: Belgian Shepherd; Bor: Border collie; Col: Collie; Dac: Dachshund; Ger: German Shepherd; Gol: Golden retriever; Hus: Husky; Leo: Leonberg; She: Shetland sheepdog. Dig: M. digastricus; MS: M. masseter pars superficialis; MP: M. masseter pars profunda; ZMA: M. zygomaticomandibularis pars anterior; ZMP: M. zygomaticomandibularis pars posterior; SZ: M. temporalis pars suprazygomatica; TS: M. temporalis pars superficialis; TP: M. temporalis pars profunda; PM+PL: M. pterygoideus pars medialis and lateralis. (TIFF 6098 kb)

11692_2020_9515_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx

Table S1. Details of the specimen used in this study including raw jaw muscles masses, pennation angles, fiber lengths and PCSAs. (XLSX 109 kb)

Supplementary file 5 (DOCX 14 kb)

Supplementary file 6 (DOCX 81 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brassard, C., Merlin, M., Guintard, C. et al. Interrelations Between the Cranium, the Mandible and Muscle Architecture in Modern Domestic Dogs. Evol Biol 47, 308–324 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-020-09515-9

Download citation

Received: 17 March 2020
Accepted: 07 September 2020
Published: 18 September 2020
Issue Date: December 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-020-09515-9

Keywords

Dog
Skull
Masticatory system
Jaw muscle architecture
Domestication
Geometric morphometrics