Abstract
In animal species that have morphological polymorphisms maintained by unique or divergent selection pressures, understanding the preservation of shared traits is important for identifying the factors that are influencing overall evolutionary processes. In the Eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, females are dimorphic. One morph (‘dark-morph’) is mostly black and mimics the toxic pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor. These females have large amounts of blue coloration on the dorsal hind wings that enhances their mimetic resemblance. Conversely, the alternate female type (‘yellow-morph’) is similar to males in coloration with the exception of extensive dorsal blue coloration, comparable to dark-morph females. Such coloration is almost completely absent in males. We examined dorsal blue coloration in P. glaucus to determine if mimetic resemblance in dark morphs is predominantly responsible for the maintenance of dorsal blue color in both female types, or whether mate recognition and/or sexual selection by males has a stronger influence on this trait. We measured the relative amount and variance of dorsal and ventral blue coloration in females of both color morphs, as well as males. We also compared these measurements to similar ones taken in the sister species, P. canadensis (which does not exhibit female dimorphism). Lastly, we investigated mate recognition and preferences of wild males. Our results suggest that mimetic resemblance may be more important than sexual selection for sustaining dorsal blue coloration in dark-morph females and that yellow-morphs could have elevated levels of blue due to currently unknown genetic associations. Although trait correlation between sexes is common, intrasexual trait correlation in a sex-limited, polymorphic species has not been frequently observed.
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Acknowledgments
We thank M. Schumer and K. Kunte for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this work. Additionally, two anonymous reviewers provided many useful comments. We would also like to thank R. Mercader and G. Ording for project advice, S. Ryan for field assistance, and A. Kosnick and B. Sonke for assistance with rearing females. H. Romack and B. Houtz provided pupae for experimentation. H. Romack also provided Vermont males and females for wing analysis. J. Maudsley provided Georgia specimens for wing analysis. M. Aardema was supported by an MSU Plant Sciences Fellowship, a Scriber Scholars award in Butterfly Biology and Conservation, and a Jeffery Boettcher travel grant. Partial support was also provided by MAES project #01644, NSF DEB-0716683, and NSF DEB-0918879.
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11692_2012_9190_MOESM1_ESM.jpg
Figure 1. A dark-morph female P. glaucus (top left). A yellow-morph female P. glaucus (top right). A male Battus philenor (bottom left). A male P. glaucus (bottom right). B. philenor is presumed to be a model for many mimetic butterflies including dark-morph female P. glaucus. All images are of the dorsal side of the butterfly. Note the near absence of blue coloration in the P. glaucus male. (JPEG 766 kb)
11692_2012_9190_MOESM2_ESM.jpg
Figure 2. Representative reflectance curves of three female P. glaucus wings in a predominately blue area, black area and a blue area that has been masked by black ink. The reflectance of the blue-covered areas is very similar to the naturally black areas. Also note the high peak between 300 and 400 nm for the blue coloration. This area indicates UV reflectance. (JPEG 730 kb)
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Aardema, M.L., Scriber, J.M. No Evidence that Male Choice Contributes to the Maintenance of a Shared, Sex-Limited Trait in Mimetic and Non-mimetic Female Tiger Swallowtail Butterflies, Papilio glaucus . Evol Biol 40, 108–116 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9190-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-012-9190-7