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Life-History Correlates of Placental Structure in Eutherian Evolution

Evolutionary Biology volume 38, pages 287–305 (2011)Cite this article

Abstract

The eutherian placenta shows remarkable evolutionary plasticity. To date, however, success in identifying selection pressures behind the observed diversity of placental structures has been limited. Evolutionary convergence among definitive placental morphologies and between placental morphologies and life-history variables can be used to suggest functions of derived aspects of placentation. In this paper, we use, for the first time, a comprehensive phylogenetic comparative approach to map phenotypic character states of both placental morphologies and life-history characteristics of species onto hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Eutheria. We employ phylogenetic methods for ancestral reconstruction, mutational mapping, and association analysis to resolve associations between five aspects of placental structure and to identify dominant combinations, or syndromes, of placental morphology. We map twenty life-history characters onto the eutherian phylogeny to examine how they correlate, over evolutionary time, with the multivariate diversification of placental structures. We identify two distinct eutherian constellations, based on associations between life-history and placental structure, which broadly reflect a dichotomy between slow and fast life-history strategies. In addition, we suggest that the observed association between placental invasiveness and group size is indicative of the effect of social behavior on the utility of genomic-imprinting in eutherian evolution.

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Acknowledgments

We thank ORP Bininda-Emonds for providing updated branch length data and ECL for useful discussion.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK

    Eric Lewitus & Christophe Soligo

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  1. Eric Lewitus
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  2. Christophe Soligo
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Correspondence to Eric Lewitus.

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Lewitus, E., Soligo, C. Life-History Correlates of Placental Structure in Eutherian Evolution. Evol Biol 38, 287–305 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-011-9115-x

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Keywords

  • Placentation
  • Mutational mapping
  • Character association
  • Ancestral state reconstruction
  • Genomic-imprinting
  • Viviparity