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Boissons sucrées et obésité: aspects épidémiologiques et physiopathologiques

Sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity: an epidemiological and pathophysiological perspective

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Obésité

Résumé

La consommation de boissons sucrées a fortement augmenté durant les dernières décennies, et de nombreux auteurs suggèrent que cette augmentation soit la cause de l’épidémie d’obésité actuelle. Bien qu’une association positive entre consommation de boissons sucrées et surpoids ait été démontrée, il existe d’importantes variations en fonction des classes d’âge considérées: la plus forte association se trouve chez les adolescents, qui sont également les principaux consommateurs. En revanche, l’effet chez les enfants en bas âge et les personnes âgées semble atténué, du moins à court terme. Les boissons sucrées contiennent une quantité comparable de glucose et fructose, deux sucres simples qui constituent le disaccharide saccharose. A ce jour, la plupart des effets délétères des boissons sucrées ont été attribués au fructose, en raison de son métabolisme particulier. Ces divers effets comprennent la régulation de la prise alimentaire et du sentiment de satiété, une augmentation de dépôts de graisse viscérale, ainsi qu’une accumulation de lipides hépatiques et augmentation des triglycérides sanguins. Cependant, certaines études récentes démontrent que consommé de manière hypercalorique, le glucose pourrait également jouer un rôle délétère sur ces différents aspects du métabolisme. Cette revue vise à caractériser la consommation de boissons sucrées en France et aux Etats-Unis, les relations avec l’obésité en fonction des différentes classes d’âge, et finalement les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans l’obésité et ses maladies associées.

Abstract

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) has markedly increased over the past decades, and several authors have suggested that such increase may be causal to the present obesity epidemic. Consumption of SSB is positively associated with body weight gain. However, the strength of this association markedly differs by age: adolescents, who represent the highest consumer group, show the strongest association, while this effect is more moderate in infants/toddlers and seniors. SSB contain two simple sugars, found in similar quantities: glucose and fructose. Bound together, they form the disaccharide sucrose. Up to now, most of the deleterious effects of SSB have been attributed to the fructose component, due to its particular metabolism. Such effects include regulation of food intake, increased visceral fat deposition, increased hepatic lipid accumulation and circulating triglycerides. However, recent evidences suggest that when administered in hypercaloric condition, glucose may have as deleterious effects as fructose. This review aims at characterizing SSB consumption over various age classes in France and the US, as well as physiological mechanisms involved in the development of obesity and related metabolic diseases.

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  1. Childhood Obesity Research Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Kim-Anne Lê

  2. Centre de Recherche Nestlé, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, case postale 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland

    Kim-Anne Lê

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Lê, KA. Boissons sucrées et obésité: aspects épidémiologiques et physiopathologiques. Obes 7, 10–17 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11690-012-0311-3

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