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Les signaux de la régulation du comportement alimentaire

Signals regulating eating behavior

  • Revue Scientifique / Scientific Review
  • Published:
Obésité

Résumé

Le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique fait intervenir un réseau complexe de signaux périphériques et centraux qui renseignent sur l’état nutritionnel d’un organisme. L’intégration de ces signaux au niveau du système nerveux central (SNC) permet de développer une réponse adaptée aux modifications de la disponibilité en nutriments. Le noyau arqué (Arc) de l’hypothalamus contient les neurones à neuropeptide Y et agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP) et les neurones à pro-opiomélanocortine (POMC) qui sont considérés comme de « premier ordre » dans l’intégration des signaux périphériques de faim et de satiété comme la leptine, l’insuline ou la ghréline. Les nutriments jouent également un rôle de molécules informatives au niveau de l’hypothalamus. D’autres structures centrales comme le tronc cérébral ou le système mésolimbique dopaminergique ainsi qu’une multitude de signaux centraux se conjuguent à cette régulation « hypothalamique » de la prise alimentaire et sont autant de cibles potentielles dans le développement d’une stratégie thérapeutique visant à lutter contre les troubles du comportement alimentaire comme l’anorexie ou, à l’opposé, l’hyperphagie.

Abstract

Control of energy homeostasis involves a complex network of both peripheral and central signals, which continually inform the central nervous system (CNS) about nutritional status, thus allowing an adaptive response with respect to energy demand. Both NPY/AgRP (Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related protein) and POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) neurons — known as “1st order” neurons — are located within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and are key actors of eating behavior. Changes in the circulating concentration of nutrients and hormones such as leptin, insulin and ghrelin are detected by these neurons. Other areas of CNS such as the brain stem or the dopaminergic mesolimbic system act together with the hypothalamus to finely regulate feeding behavior. Identification of molecular mechanisms involved in nervous control of energy homeostasis including eating behavior, as well as hepatic glucose production or insulin secretion, will enable the development of new therapeutic approaches towards eating disorders such as anorexia, or its opposite, hyperphagia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. case courrier 7126, Université Paris-VII-CNRS UMR 7059, 2, place Jussieu, F-75251, Paris cedex 05, France

    S. Luquet, N. Marsollier, C. Cruciani-Guglielmacci & C. Magnan

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  1. S. Luquet
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  2. N. Marsollier
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  3. C. Cruciani-Guglielmacci
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  4. C. Magnan
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Correspondence to S. Luquet.

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Luquet, S., Marsollier, N., Cruciani-Guglielmacci, C. et al. Les signaux de la régulation du comportement alimentaire. Obes 3, 167–176 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11690-008-0133-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11690-008-0133-5

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