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Malaria Elimination in Two Endemic Coastal Environments of Southern India: An Eco-Epidemiological Analysis from 2004 to 2019

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Abstract

Purpose

Presently, India is heading towards malaria elimination. In this context, analysing malaria epidemiological data of endemic pockets is important. In the present investigation, malaria prevalence in two endemic coastal localities of India viz., Besant Nagar (Chennai district) and Pamban (Ramanathapuram district) was analysed from 2004 to 2019 and correlated with the highest maximum temperature.

Methods

Malaria surveillance data and entomological data from the malaria clinics were used to investigate epidemiological parameters. The annual malaria cases were correlated with the highest maximum temperature.

Results

The analysis showed that the malaria case (P.v. and P.f.) reports were directly proportional to the temperature increase. Malaria cases were remarkably increased from 2004 to 2011 and subsequently, both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cases were drastically reduced till 2019. P. vivax was higher than P. falciparum and the male population was found to be more affected. Mixed infection of P. vivax and P. falciparum was observed only in the Besant Nagar site (0.3%). The most affected age group was the adult age group (15 years and above) in both Besant Nagar (76.1%) and Pamban (69.5%).

Conclusion

Improved surveillance, complete treatment and integrated vector control activities correlated with a declining trend of malaria cases in both the coastal sites towards malaria elimination.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The preprint version of this article is available on Research Square with https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-290484/v1.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to technicians, insect collectors, other health staff of ROH&FW and PHC Pamban, who are involved in the collection of active and passive smears, mosquito vector surveillance, and control activities. The authors gratefully acknowledge the meteorological department, Chennai, for providing climatological data.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Author notes

  1. Appadurai Daniel Reegan

    Present address: National Centre for Disease Control, Bengaluru Branch, No:8, NTI Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560 003, Karnataka, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, ROH&FW, A-2A, Rajaji Bhavan, Besant Nagar, Chennai, 600 090, India

    Appadurai Daniel Reegan, Chandrabose Senthil Kumar, Johnson Amala Justin, Palaniyandi Tamilmaran, Angaiah Natesan, Sundararaj Gopinath, Nirmal Joe & Roshini Arthur

  2. District Entomological Team, DDHS Office, Master Plan Complex, Collectorate Building, Ramanathapuram, 623 503, India

    Pandia Nadar Udhayakumar

  3. Zonal Entomological Team, Kumarasamy Raja Nagar, District Collectorate Complex, Virudhunagar, 626 001, India

    Shanmugasundaram Balavinayagam

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Contributions

ADR, NJ and RA designed the study. ADR, CSK, SB and PNU collected data. ADR, CSK, PT and AN analysed data. ADR, JAJ and CSK interpreted the data. ADR and CSK prepared the manuscript. All authors contributed to writing of the final manuscript, reviewed, and approved the manuscript as submitted.

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Correspondence to Appadurai Daniel Reegan.

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Reegan, A.D., Kumar, C.S., Justin, J.A. et al. Malaria Elimination in Two Endemic Coastal Environments of Southern India: An Eco-Epidemiological Analysis from 2004 to 2019. Acta Parasit. 67, 428–436 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00479-0

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