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Role of Glutathione in Chalcone Derivative Induced Apoptosis of Brugia malayi and its Possible Therapeutic Implication

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Abstract

Purpose

Oxidative stress is an essential component of innate response against microbes. The oxidative impact has a very subtle connection with apoptosis. Our previous work indicated presumptive evidence of apoptosis by the chalcone derivatives against the human lymphatic filarial parasite. Evidence suggests the involvement of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the mechanism of action of chalcone drugs. In the present study, we explored the implications of redox status in apoptosis of the parasite by this drug.

Results

Treatment with the representative drug, 4t, significantly decreased GSH level and increased GST activity in the Brugia malayi microfilariae (Mf) in comparison to Mf without 4t treatment. Drug-induced loss of motility of the parasites was reversed by the treatment with GSH (41%) and NAC (19%). A significant fall in rGST activity was observed due to drug addition, which could be reversed by the addition of GSH co-substrate, but not with the re-addition of rGST, indicating a vital role of GSH. In silico study demonstrated a favorable drug–GST enzyme interaction. Oxidative stress was reflected by increased protein carbonylation and intracellular reactive oxygen species level, in the drug-treated parasite. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was reduced by the drug, which was reversed on the addition of GSH. Mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed by MTT and cytochrome c assay. Apoptosis was confirmed by the inhibition in PARP activity.

Conclusion

We conclude that the depletion of GSH by chalcone with concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction revealed a novel rationale of apoptosis in the parasite. Such a mechanism might have wide therapeutic implications.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to extend our tribute to Late Dr. MVR Reddy, for his active contribution in this work.

Funding

This research work was supported by the funding received from DBT (BT/PR/4988/INF/22/155/2012) and DST-FIST (SR/FST/LSI-470/2010) of Government of India and UGC, New Delhi (41–335/2012(SR)).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India

    P. S. Bhoj, V. Khatri, N. S. Togre & K. Goswami

  2. Department of Chemistry, G. S. Science, Arts and Commerce College, Khamgaon, India

    S. Bahekar & H. S. Chandak

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    N. Singh & D. Dash

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  1. P. S. Bhoj
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Contributions

PB, KG and HC conceived and designed the study. PB, SB, VK, NT and NS conducted experiments, collected the data and drafted the article. KG, HC and DD edited the article, approved the final article to be published.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to K. Goswami or H. S. Chandak.

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Bhoj, P.S., Bahekar, S., Khatri, V. et al. Role of Glutathione in Chalcone Derivative Induced Apoptosis of Brugia malayi and its Possible Therapeutic Implication. Acta Parasit. 66, 406–415 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-020-00291-2

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