Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation causes significant changes of chemical substances in the brain of rabbits with experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Frontiers of Medicine in China Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

More and more studies have reported the usefulness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of stroke patients. This article is to explore if rTMS can cause changes of such chemical substances as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr) in the surrounding area of experimental intracerebral hematoma of rabbits. A total of 36 rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (group A), a sham rTMS group (group B) and an rTMS group (group C). The experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) was induced by intracerebral injection of selfbody blood of the animals in groups B and C, while those of the group A serving as controls were injected with normal saline. The rabbits of groups B and C were treated with sham and real rTMS, respectively, but those of group A were not. The contents of chemical substances including NAA, Cho and Cr in the perihematomal brain tissues were measured by using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) 12 hours, 72 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks after the experimental ICH was induced. The results show that the contents of NAA, Cr and NAA/Cr ratio were decreased significantly, but Cho, Cho/Cr increased significantly in groups B and C (P < 0.01) as compared against those in group A. A comparison between the groups B and C revealed that the contents of NAA, Cr, NAA/Cr were higher, but Cho and Cho/Cr were significantly lower in group C than those in group B (P < 0.01). It is concluded that rTMS could result in changes of the chemical substance contents in perihematomal brain tissues, which leads to neuroprotective effects in the brain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Swayne O B C, Rothwell J C, Ward N S, Greenwood R J. Stages of motor output reorganization after hemispheric stroke suggested by longitudinal studies of cortical physiology. Cereb Cortex, 2008, 18(8): 1909–1922

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur J P, Magistris M R, Mills K, Rösler K M, Triggs W J, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol, 2008, 119(3): 504–532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reis J, Swayne O B, Vandermeeren Y, Camus M, Dimyan M A, Harris-Love M, Perez M A, Ragert P, Rothwell J C, Cohen L G. Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of cortical mechanisms involved in motor control. J Physiol, 2008, 586(2): 325–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. O’Reardon J P, Solvason H B, Janicak P G, Sampson S, Isenberg K E, Nahas Z, McDonald W M, Avery D, Fitzgerald P B, Loo C, Demitrack M A, George M S, Sackeim H A. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry, 2007, 62(11): 1208–1216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kinoshita M, Ikeda A, Begum T, Yamamoto J, Hitomi T, Shibasaki H. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for seizure suppression in patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy: a pilot study. Seizure, 2005, 14(6): 387–392

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ikeguchi M, Touge T, Nishiyama Y, Takeuchi H, Kuriyama S, Ohkawa M. Effects of successive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor performances and brain perfusion in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci, 2003, 209(1–2): 41–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rollnik J D, Wüstefeld S, Däuper J, Karst M, Fink M, Kossev A, Dengler R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain-a pilot study. Eur Neurol, 2002, 48(1): 6–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Niu Z, Zhang T, Fang D. The effect of TMS on motor function in patients with acute brain infarction. Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian, 2001, 7(1): 16–18 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Jin X, Wu X, Wang J, Huang B, Wang Q, Zhang T, Niu Z, Zhang X. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on rehabilitation of motor function in patients with cerebral infarction. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2002, 82(8): 534–553 (in Chinese)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhao H, Sun Y, Dai Y. The effects of TMS on BDNF expression and infarct volume in rats with cerebral ischemia. Zhonghua Shenjingbingxue Zazhi, 2005, 38(5): 330–331 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sun Y, Zao H, Zhang Z, Huo H, Li W, Bao S. Effect of longterm transcranial magnetic stimulation on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cortex around the infarcted focus and the recovery of neurologic function in rats with cerebral infarction. Zhonghua Wuli Yixue Yu Kangfu Zazhi, 2005, 27(12): 712–716 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wang T C, Guo T C, Zhu X L. An experimental study of the effect of rTMS on cerebral hemorrhage in rabbits. Zhonghua Wuli Yixue Yu Kangfu Zazhi, 2003, 25: 390–393 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Guo T C, Cao X B, Zhang Y J, Sun S G, Zhu X L. Effect of rTMS on contents of monoamine and amino acid transmitters in rabbits with cerebral hemorrhage. Zhonghua Wuli Yixue Yu Kangfu Zazhi, 2004, 26(8): 452–455 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Barker P B, Gillard J H, van Zijl P C, Soher B J, Hanley D F, Agildere A M, Oppenheimer S M, Bryan R N. Acute stroke: evaluation with serial proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology, 1994, 192(3): 723–732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Auld K L, Ashwal S, Holshouser B A, Tomasi L G, Perkin R M, Ross B D, Hinshaw D B Jr. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with acute central nervous system injury. Pediatr Neurol, 1995, 12(4): 323–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lanfermann H, Kugel H, Heindel W, Herholz K, Heiss W D, Lackner K. Metabolic changes in acute and subacute cerebral infarctions: findings at proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology, 1995, 196(1): 203–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Peng H, Li Y F, Sun S G. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on acute cerebral ischemia in rats analyzed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2003, 24(5): 467–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Handa Y, Kaneko M, Matuda T, Kobayashi H, Kubota T. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for metabolic changes in brain during chronic cerebral vasospasm in primates. Neurosurgery, 1997, 40(4): 773–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kamada K. Sequential observations of brain edema with proton magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi, 1996, 71(1): 105–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ye C L, Yu M K, Jiang J Y, Zhang G J, Lu Y C, Zhu C. 1H Magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of frontal lobe in patients with traumatic brain injury. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2003, 83(2): 140–141 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China

    Tiecheng Guo

  2. Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China

    Xuebing Cao

  3. Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China

    Limin Xia

Authors
  1. Tiecheng Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xuebing Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Limin Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tiecheng Guo.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Guo, T., Cao, X. & Xia, L. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation causes significant changes of chemical substances in the brain of rabbits with experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Front. Med. China 2, 406–409 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-008-0078-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-008-0078-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation