Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reduced structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus in incarcerated women scoring high on psychopathy

Brain Imaging and Behavior volume 16, pages 2141–2149 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Both men and women scoring high on psychopathy exhibit similar structural and functional neural abnormalities, including reduced volume of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and reduced hemodynamic activity in the amygdala during affective processing experimental paradigms. The uncinate fasciculus (UF) is a white matter (WM) tract that connects the amygdala to the OFC. Reduced structural integrity of the UF, measured via fractional anisotropy (FA), is commonly associated with men scoring high on psychopathy. However, only one study to date has investigated the relationship between psychopathic traits and UF structural integrity in women, recruiting participants from a community sample. Here, we investigated whether Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) facet scores (measuring interpersonal, affective, lifestyle/behavioral, and antisocial psychopathic traits, respectively) were associated with reduced FA in the left and right UF in a sample of 254 incarcerated women characterized by a wide range of psychopathy scores. We observed that PCL-R Facet 3 scores, assessing lifestyle/behavioral psychopathic traits, were associated with reduced FA in the left and right UF, even when controlling for participant’s age and history of previous substance use. The results obtained in the current study help improve our understanding of structural abnormalities associated with women scoring high on psychopathy. Specifically, reduced UF structural integrity may contribute to some of the deficits commonly associated with women scoring high on psychopathy, including emotion dysregulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1

Data availability

Interested parties should contact the Corresponding Author, Dr. Kent Kiehl (kkiehl@mrn.org) for the data used in this report.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Notes

  1. The UF FA values reported in the current study are consistent with previously published studies in non-forensic samples (Kierońska et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2014).

  2. As reported in extended detail in our Supplemental Materials, PCL-R Facet 3 scores remained significantly associated with reduced FA in the left UF (β = − 0.25, p = .001) and right UF (β = − 0.20, p = .007) when controlling for participant’s age, substance use severity, and overall brain volume.

  3. Important to note, as we did not have a strong a priori hypothesis as to whether PCL-R scores would be significantly associated with FA values in these remaining 46 WM tracts, we did not correct for multiple comparisons in these exploratory analyses.

References

  • Basser, P. J., & Pierpaoli, C. (2011). Microstructral and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 213(2), 560–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Peschardt, K. S., Colledge, E., Leonard, R. A., & Perrett, D. I. (2004). Reduced sensitivity to others’ fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(6), 1111–1122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolt, D. M., Hare, R. D., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2004). A multigroup item response theory analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 155–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breeden, A. L., Cardinale, E. M., Lozier, L. M., VanMeter, J. W., & Marsh, A. A. (2015). Callous-unemotional traits drive reduced white-matter integrity in youths with conduct problems. Psychological Medicine, 45, 3033–3046

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Caprihan, A., Abbott, C., Yamamoto, J., Pearlson, G., Perrone-Bizzozero, N., Sui, J., & Calhoun, V. D. (2011). Source-based morphometry analysis of group differences in fractional anisotropy in schizophrenia. Brain Connectivity, 1(2), 133–145

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Caprihan, A., Jones, T., Chen, H., Lemke, N., Abbott, C., Qualls, C., & Bustillo, J. R. (2015). The paradoxical relationship between white matter, psychopathology, and cognition in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor and proton spectroscopic imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(9), 2248–2257

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carré, J. M., Hyde, L. W., Neumann, C. S., Viding, E., & Hariri, A. R. (2013). The neural signatures of distinct psychopathic traits. Social Neuroscience, 8(2), 122–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cope, L. M., Ermer, E., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Paralimbic gray matter reductions in incarcerated adolescent females with psychopathic traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 659–668

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, M. C., Catani, M., Deeley, Q., Latham, R., Daly, E., Kanaan, R., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2009). Altered connections on the road to psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(10), 946–953

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks, D., Anderson, N. E., Widdows, M., Petseva, N., Decety, J., Pluto, C., & Kiehl, K. A. (2019). The relationship between cavum septum pellucidum and psychopathic traits in female offenders. Behavioural Brain Research, 359, 967–972

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggal, H. S., & Singh, I. (2009). Frontotemporal dementia presenting with psychotic symptoms. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 21(1), 103–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, B. G., Ermer, E., Salovey, P., & Kiehl, K. A. (2019). Emotional intelligence in incarcerated female offenders with psychopathic traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33(3), 370–393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, B. G., Maurer, J. M., Harenski, C. L., & Kiehl, K. A. (2021). Psychopathy, borderline personality disorder, and substance use in incarcerated females. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48(12), 1732–1748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbarth, H., Angrilli, A., Calogero, A., Harper, J., Olson, L. A., & Bernat, E. (2013). Reduced negative affect response in female psychopaths. Biological Psychology, 94(2), 310–318

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbarth, H., Krammer, S., Edwards, B. G., Kiehl, K. A., & Neumann, C. S. (2018). Structural analysis of the PCL-R and relationship to BIG FIVE personality traits and parenting characteristics in a Hispanic female offender sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 59–85

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 649–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents with psychopathic traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(1), 94-103e3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, A. E., Kosson, D. S., & Hare, R. D. (2003). The hare psychopathy checklist: youth version. Multi-Health Systems

    Google Scholar 

  • Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surgulaze, S., & Politi, P. (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: A voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34(6), 418–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., & Veloti, P. (2018). Difficulties in emotion regulation and psychopathic traits in violent offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 57, 116–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (2003). The psychopathy checklist – Revised (2nd ed.). Multi-Health Systems

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, S., Cox, D., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV). Multi-Health Systems

    Google Scholar 

  • Harenski, C. L., Edwards, B. G., Harenski, K. A., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Neural correlates of moral and non-moral emotion in female psychopathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 741–750

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harenski, C. L., Harenski, K. A., Shane, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2010). Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 863–874

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harenski, C. L., Kim, S. H., & Hamann, S. (2009). Neuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral and nonmoral emotion regulation. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1994). Assessment of psychopathy as a function of age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 604–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, K. M., Iftikhar, A., Kamali, A., Kramer, L. A., Ashtari, M., Cirino, P. T., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2009). Development and aging of the healthy human brain uncinate fasciculus across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography. Brain Research, 1276, 67–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, K. M., Kamali, A., Abid, H., Kramer, L. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2010). Quantification of the spatiotemporal microstructural organization of the human brain association, projection and commissural pathways across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography. Brain Structure and Function, 214, 361–373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppenbrouwers, S.S., Nazeri, A., de Jesus, D.R., Stirpe, T., Felsky, D., Schutterer, D.J.L. … Voineskos, A.N. (2013). White matter deficits in psychopathic offenders and correlation with factor structure. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72375

  • Huster, R. J., Westerhausen, R., Kreuder, F., Schweiger, E., & Wittling, W. (2009). Hemispheric and gender related differences in the midcingulum bundle: A DTI study. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 383–391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobus, J., Squeglia, L. M., Bava, S., & Tapert, S. (2013). White matter characterization of adolescent binge drinking with and without co-occuring marijuana use: A 3-year investigation. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 214(3), 374–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, L., Barba, A., Campbell, M., Lamar, M., Shankman, S. A., Leow, A. D., & Langenecker, A. (2016). Shared white matter alterations across emotional disorders: A voxel-based meta-analysis of fractional anisotropy. NeuroImage: Clinical, 12, 1022–1034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennealy, P. J., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2007). Validity of the factors of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised in female prisoners. Discriminant relations with antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and personality. Assessment, 14(4), 323–340

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • KieroÅ„ska, S., Sokal, P., Dura, M., JabÅ‚oÅ„ska, M., RudaÅ›, M., & JabÅ‚oÅ„ska, R. (2020). Tractography-based analysis of morphological and anatomical characteristics of the uncinate fasciculus in human brains. Brain Sciences, 10(10), 709

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King, N. S., Crawford, S., Wenden, F. J., Moss, N. E. G., & Wade, D. T. (1995). The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: A measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. Journal of Neurology, 242(9), 587–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leemans, A., & Jones, D. K. (2009). The B-matrix must be rotated when correcting for subject motion in DTI data. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine, 61(6), 1336–1349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Schreiber, J., Bittner, N., Li, S., Huang, R., Moebus, S. … Elmenhorst, D. (2020). White matter microstructure underlies the effects of sleep quality and life stress on depression symptomatology in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12(578037), 1–11.

  • Liao, M., Yang, F., Zhang, Y., He, Z., Su, L., & Li, L. (2014). White matter abnormalities in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. BMC Psychiatry, 14(41), 2014

  • Lindner, P., Budhiraja, M., Westerman, J., Savic, I., Jokinen, J., Tiihonen, J., & Hodgins, S. (2017). White matter correlates of psychopathic traits in a female community sample. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(9), 1500–1510

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lischke, A., Domin, M., Freyberger, H. J., Grabe, H. J., Mentel, R., Bernheim, D., & Lotzke, M. (2015). Structural alterations in white-matter tracts connecting (para)-limbic and prefrontal brain regions in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3171–3180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luciana, M., Collins, P. F., Muetzel, R. L., & Lim, K. O. (2013). Effects of alcohol use initiation on brain structure in typically developing adolescents. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(6), 345–355

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, J. M., Edwards, B. G., Harenski, C. L., Decety, J., & Kiehl, K. A. (2022). Do psychopathic traits vary with age among women? A cross-sectional investigation. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 33(1), 112–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer, J. M., Paul, S., Anderson, N. E., Nyalakanti, P. K., & Kiehl, K. A. (2020). Youth with elevated psychopathic traits exhibit structural integrity deficits in the uncinate fasciculus. NeuroImage: Clinical, 26, 102236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLellan, A. T., Kushner, H., Metzger, D., Peters, R., Smith, I., Grissom, G., & Argeriou, M. (1992). The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 9(3), 199–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S., Oishi, K., Jiang, H., Jiang, L., Li, X., Akhter, K., & Mazziotta, J. (2008). Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template. NeuroImage, 40(2), 570–582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2011). Reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(48), 17348–17357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi, K., Faria, A. V., Hsu, J., Tippett, D., Mori, D., & Hillis, A. E. (2015). Critical role of the right uncinate fasciculus in emotional empathy. Annals in Neurology, 77, 68–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierpaoli, C., & Basser, P. J. (1996). Toward a quantitative assessment of diffusion anisotropy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine, 36(6), 893–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, A., Gregory, S., Dell’Acqua, F., Thomas, E. P., Simmons, A., Murphy, D. G. M., & Craig, M. C. (2015). Emotional detachment in psychopathy: Involvement of dorsal default-mode connections. Cortex, 62, 11–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T. E., Mackay, C. E., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2006). Tract-based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. NeuroImage, 31(4), 1487–1505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobhani, M., Baker, L., Martins, B., Tuvblad, C., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2015). Psychopathic traits modulate microstructural integrity of the right uncinate fasciculus in a community population. NeuroImage: Clinical, 8, 32–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberg, J. M., Schwarz, J. M., & Matyi, M. A. (2019). Anxiety in transition: Neuroendocrine mechanisms supporting the development of anxiety pathology in adolescence and young adulthood. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 55, 100791

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, J., Javdani, S., Sadeh, N., Newman, J. P., & Verona, E. (2012). Borderline personality disorder as a female phenotypic expression of psychopathy? Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(2), 127–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundram, F., Deeley, Q., Sarkar, S., Daly, E., Latham, R., Craig, M., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2012). White matter microstructural abnormalities in the frontal lobe of adults with antisocial personality disorder. Cortex, 48(2), 216–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, J. R., Carrasco, M., Wiggins, J. L., Thomason, M. E., & Monk, C. S. (2014). Age-related changes in the structure and function of prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuitry in children and adolescents: A multi-modal imaging approach. NeuroImage, 86, 212–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., & Lang, A. R. (2006). Psychopathy and substance use disorders. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of Psychopathy (pp. 495–511). Guilford Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeij, A., Kempes, M. M., Cima, M. J., Mars, R. B., & Brazil, I. A. (2018). Affective traits of psychopathy are linked to white-matter abnormalities in impulsive male offenders. Neuropsychology, 32(6), 735–745

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., Konrad, B., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Revisiting psychopathy in women: Cleckley/Hare conceptions and affective response. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 1088–1093

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., & Vitale, J. (2018). Psychopathy in women: Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of Psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 509–528). Guilford

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., Brinkley, C. A., Hiatt, K. D., & Newman, J. P. (2007). Abnormal selective attention in psychopathic female offenders. Neuropsychology, 21(3), 301–312

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., & Newman, K. P. (2001). Response perseveration in psychopathic women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(4), 644–647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., Smith, S. S., Brinkley, C. A., & Newman, J. P. (2002). The reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised in a sample of female offenders. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 29(2), 202–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2003). Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: A meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. NeuroImage, 19(3), 513–531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whalley, H. C., Nickson, T., Pope, M., Nicol, K., Romaniuk, L., Bastin, M. E., & Hall, J. (2015). White matter integrity and its association with affective and interpersonal symptoms in borderline personality didorder. NeuroImage: Clinical, 7, 476–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winklewski, J. P., Sabisz, A., Naumcyzk, P., Jodzio, K., Szurowska, E., & Szarmach, A. (2018). Understanding the pathophysiology behind axial and radial diffusivity changes – What do we know? Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 92

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, R. C., Pujara, M. S., Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., Decety, J., & Koenigs, M. (2015). Interpersonal traits of psychopathy linked to reduced integrity of the uncinate fasciculus. Human Brain Mapping, 36(10), 4202–4209

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Gao, J., Shi, H., Huang, B., Wang, X., Situ, W. … Yao, S. (2014). Sex differences of uncinate fasciculus structural connectivity in individuals with conduct disorder. BioMed Research International, 2014, 673165

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the New Mexico Department of Corrections for their cooperative efforts.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) through grants R01 MH085010 and R01 MH109329 and the National Institute on Drug Abuse through grants R01 DA026964 and R01 DA020870.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA

    J. Michael Maurer, Bethany G. Edwards, Nathaniel E. Anderson, Prashanth K. Nyalakanti, Carla L. Harenski & Kent A. Kiehl

  2. Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Bethany G. Edwards & Kent A. Kiehl

  3. Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Jean Decety

  4. School of Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Narendrapur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Subhadip Paul

  5. JIVAN- Centre for Research in Biological Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), Narendrapur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Subhadip Paul

  6. Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute (RKMVERI), P.O.: Belur Math, Howrah, West Bengal, India

    Subhadip Paul

Authors
  1. J. Michael Maurer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Subhadip Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bethany G. Edwards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nathaniel E. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Prashanth K. Nyalakanti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Carla L. Harenski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jean Decety
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Kent A. Kiehl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to J. Michael Maurer or Kent A. Kiehl.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest/Competing interests

The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest or competing interests.

Ethics approval

The Ethical and Independent Review Services and the Office for Human Research Protections approved all research protocols.

Consent to participate

All participants included in this report provided written informed consent prior to participating.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOCX 111 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Maurer, J.M., Paul, S., Edwards, B.G. et al. Reduced structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus in incarcerated women scoring high on psychopathy. Brain Imaging and Behavior 16, 2141–2149 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-022-00684-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-022-00684-z

Keywords

search

Navigation