Abstract
Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) was proposed 20 years ago for study of task modulated connectivity on functional MRI (fMRI) data. A few modifications have since been made, but there remain misunderstandings on the method, as well as on its relations to a similar method named beta series correlation (BSC). Here, we explain what PPI measures and its relations to BSC. We first clarify that the interpretation of a regressor in a general linear model depends on not only itself but also on how other effects are modeled. In terms of PPI, it always reflects differences in connectivity between conditions, when the physiological variable is included as a covariate. Secondly, when there are multiple conditions, we explain how PPI models calculated from direct contrast between conditions could generate identical results as contrasting separate PPIs of each condition (a.k.a. “generalized” PPI). Thirdly, we explicit the deconvolution process that is used for PPI calculation, and how is it related to the trial-by-trial modeling for BSC, and illustrate the relations between PPI and those based upon BSC. In particular, when context sensitive changes in effective connectivity are present, they manifest as changes in correlations of observed trial-by-trial activations or functional connectivity. Therefore, BSC and PPI can detect similar connectivity differences. Lastly, we report empirical analyses using PPI and BSC on fMRI data of an event-related stop signal task to illustrate our points.
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This study was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC61871420) and (US) National Institute of Health (R01 AT009829; R01 DA038895).
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X.D. conceived the idea, performed the data analysis, and wrote the draft. All authors discussed the results, and contributed to the final manuscript.
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This study involves re-analysis of an open-access fMRI dataset. We did not use any personal identifiable information in the current analysis.
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Di, X., Zhang, Z. & Biswal, B.B. Understanding psychophysiological interaction and its relations to beta series correlation. Brain Imaging and Behavior 15, 958–973 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00304-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-020-00304-8