Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Changes in cognitive functions and cerebral grey matter and their associations with inflammatory markers, endocrine markers, and APOE genotypes in testicular cancer patients undergoing treatment

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Brain Imaging and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Evidence suggests that testicular cancer (TC) and its treatment are associated with cognitive impairment. However, the underlying neural substrate and biological mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate changes in cognition and brain grey matter (GM) morphology in TC patients undergoing treatment, and to explore associations with immune markers, endocrine markers, and genotype. Sixty-five patients with stage I-III TC underwent assessment after surgery but prior to further treatment and again 6 months after. Twenty-two patients received chemotherapy (+CT), while 43 did not (−CT). Assessments included neuropsychological testing, whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging, and blood samples. Twenty-five healthy controls (HCs) underwent neuropsychological testing with a matching time interval. A regression-based approach was used to determine cognitive changes and longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to investigate changes in GM density in the TC groups. Compared with the HCs, both TC groups showed higher rates of cognitive decline (p < 0.05). A trend towards greater decline was observed in + CT (63.6 %) compared with -CT patients (39.5 %) (p = 0.07). VBM revealed widespread GM reductions in both TC groups, but a group-by-time interaction analysis revealed prefrontal reductions specific to the + CT group (p = 0.02), which were associated with poorer cognitive performance. Poorer cognitive performance was also associated with an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha in + CT patients. Furthermore, an interaction effect was found between the APOE ε4 genotype and chemotherapy on cognitive performance with ε4 carriers performing significantly worse. These findings provide novel evidence of changes in cognition and brain morphology in TC patients undergoing treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahles, T. A., & Saykin, A. J. (2007). Candidate mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes. Nature Reviews Cancer, 7(3), 192–201. doi:10.1038/nrc2073.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahles, T. A., Saykin, A. J., Noll, W. W., Furstenberg, C. T., Guerin, S., Cole, B., & Mott, L. A. (2003). The relationship of APOE genotype to neuropsychological performance in long-term cancer survivors treated with standard dose chemotherapy. Psycho-Oncology, 12(6), 612–9. doi:10.1002/pon.742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahles, T. A., Li, Y., McDonald, B. C., Schwartz, G. N., Kaufman, P. A., Tsongalis, G. J., et al. (2014). Longitudinal assessment of cognitive changes associated with adjuvant treatment for breast cancer: the impact of APOE and smoking. Psycho-Oncology, 23(12), 1382–90. doi:10.1002/pon.3545.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amidi, A., Wu, L. M., Agerbaek, M., Larsen, P. L., Pedersen, A. D., Mehlsen, M., et al. (2015a). Cognitive impairment and potential biological and psychological correlates of neuropsychological performance in recently orchiectomized testicular cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 24(9), 1174–1180. doi:10.1002/pon.3804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amidi, A., Wu, L. M., Pedersen, A. D., Mehlsen, M., Pedersen, C. G., Rossen, P., et al. (2015b). Cognitive impairment in testicular cancer survivors 2 to 7 years after treatment. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(10), 2973–9. doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2663-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreotti, C., Root, J. C., Ahles, T. A., McEwen, B. S., & Compas, B. E. (2014). Cancer, coping, and cognition: a model for the role of stress reactivity in cancer-related cognitive decline. Psycho-Oncology. doi:10.1002/pon.3683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andres, A. L., Gong, X., Di, K., & Bota, D. A. (2014). Low-doses of cisplatin injure hippocampal synapses: a mechanism for “chemo” brain? Experimental Neurology, 255, 137–44. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.020.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2000). Voxel-based morphometry--the methods. NeuroImage, 11(6 Pt 1), 805–21. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandak, M., Aksglaede, L., Juul, A., Rørth, M., & Daugaard, G. (2011). The pituitary-Leydig cell axis before and after orchiectomy in patients with stage I testicular cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 47(17), 2585–2591. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.05.026.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchet, O. (2006). Testosterone and cognitive function: current clinical evidence of a relationship. European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies, 155(6), 773–81. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. D. S. (1989). Multilingual aphasia examination. Iowa City: AJA Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bu, G. (2009). Apolipoprotein E and its receptors in Alzheimer’s disease: pathways, pathogenesis and therapy. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(5), 333–44. doi:10.1038/nrn2620.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buller, K. M. (2001). Role of circumventricular organs in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 28(7), 581–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11458886 . Accessed 5 June 2015.

  • Carozzi, V. A., Canta, A., Chiorazzi, A., & Cavaletti, G. (2014). Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: What do we know about mechanisms? Neuroscience Letters. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.10.014.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherrier, M. M. (2009). Testosterone effects on cognition in health and disease. Frontiers of Hormone Research, 37(0301–3073 (Print)), 150–62. doi:10.1159/000176051.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, Y. T., Lim, S. R., Ho, H. K., & Chan, A. (2013). Cytokines as mediators of chemotherapy-associated cognitive changes: current evidence, limitations and directions for future research. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e81234. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081234.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Conroy, S. K., McDonald, B. C., Smith, D. J., Moser, L. R., West, J. D., Kamendulis, L. M., et al. (2013). Alterations in brain structure and function in breast cancer survivors: effect of post-chemotherapy interval and relation to oxidative DNA damage. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 137(1573–7217 (Electronic)), 493–502. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2385-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, O., & Brydøy, M. (2012). Testicular germ cell tumours - still many challenges. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 51(2), 147–50. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2011.653441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, J., Han, R., Yang, Y., Mayer-Pröschel, M., & Noble, M. (2006). CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biology, 5(7), 22. doi:10.1186/jbiol50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eiseman, J. L., Beumer, J. H., Rigatti, L. H., Strychor, S., Meyers, K., Dienel, S., & Horn, C. C. (2014). Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue and brain distribution of cisplatin in musk shrews. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00280-014-2623-5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ganz, P. A., Bower, J. E., Kwan, L., Castellon, S. A., Silverman, D. H. S., Geist, C., et al. (2013). Does tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play a role in post-chemotherapy cerebral dysfunction? Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 30, S99–108. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gietema, J., Meinardi, M., Messerschmidt, J., Gelevert, T., Alt, F., Uges, D., & Th Sleijfer, D. (2000). Circulating plasma platinum more than 10 years after cisplatin treatment for testicular cancer. The Lancet, 355(9209), 1075–1076. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02044-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, X., Schwartz, P. H., Linskey, M. E., & Bota, D. A. (2011). Neural stem/progenitors and glioma stem-like cells have differential sensitivity to chemotherapy. Neurology, 76(13), 1126–34. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212a89f.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, R. W., Molepo, J. M., Monpetit, V. J., Mikael, N. Z., Redmond, D., Gadia, M., & Stewart, D. J. (1992). Cisplatin neurotoxicity: the relationship between dosage, time, and platinum concentration in neurologic tissues, and morphologic evidence of toxicity. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 10(5), 795–803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1569451 . Accessed 25 February 2015.

  • Groll, R. J., Warde, P., & Jewett, M. A. S. (2007). A comprehensive systematic review of testicular germ cell tumor surveillance. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 64(3), 182–97. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.04.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gultekin, S. H., Rosenfeld, M. R., Voltz, R., Eichen, J., Posner, J. B., & Dalmau, J. (2000). Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain: a Journal of Neurology, 123(Pt 7), 1481–94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10869059 . Accessed 21 February 2016.

  • Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test manual revised and expanded. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermelink, K., Voigt, V., Kaste, J., Neufeld, F., Wuerstlein, R., Bühner, M., et al. (2015). Elucidating pretreatment cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients: the impact of cancer-related post-traumatic stress. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(7). doi:10.1093/jnci/djv099

  • Holland, J., Bandelow, S., & Hogervorst, E. (2011). Testosterone levels and cognition in elderly men: a review. Maturitas, 69(1873–4111 (Electronic)), 322–337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, D. M., Herz, J., & Bu, G. (2012). Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E receptors: normal biology and roles in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(3), a006312. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006312.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki, M., Yoshikawa, E., Matsuoka, Y., Sugawara, Y., Nakano, T., Akechi, T., et al. (2007). Smaller regional volumes of brain gray and white matter demonstrated in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 109(0008-543X (Print)), 146–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janelsins, M. C., Kesler, S. R., Ahles, T. A., & Morrow, G. R. (2014). Prevalence, mechanisms, and management of cancer-related cognitive impairment. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 26(1), 102–13. doi:10.3109/09540261.2013.864260.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Keime-Guibert, F., Graus, F., Broët, P., Reñé, R., Molinuevo, J. L., Ascaso, C., & Delattre, J. Y. (1999). Clinical outcome of patients with anti-Hu-associated encephalomyelitis after treatment of the tumor. Neurology, 53(8), 1719–23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10563618 . Accessed 21 February 2016.

  • Kesler, S., Janelsins, M., Koovakkattu, D., Palesh, O., Mustian, K., Morrow, G., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2013). Reduced hippocampal volume and verbal memory performance associated with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 30(Suppl(1090–2139 (Electronic)), S109–16. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, J. C., Ibrahim-Verbaas, C. A., Harold, D., Naj, A. C., Sims, R., Bellenguez, C., et al. (2013). Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Genetics, 45(12), 1452–8. doi:10.1038/ng.2802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, M., Giffard, B., Noal, S., Rigal, O., Kurtz, J.-E., Heutte, N., et al. (2014). Baseline cognitive functions among elderly patients with localised breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England: 1990), 50(13), 2181–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2014.05.026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. K., Glass, T. A., McAtee, M. J., Wand, G. S., Bandeen-Roche, K., Bolla, K. I., & Schwartz, B. S. (2007). Associations of salivary cortisol with cognitive function in the Baltimore memory study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(7), 810. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lentini, E., Kasahara, M., Arver, S., & Savic, I. (2012). Sex differences in the human brain and the impact of sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Cerebral Cortex, 23(10), 2322–2336. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepage, C., Smith, A. M., Moreau, J., Barlow-Krelina, E., Wallis, N., Collins, B., et al. (2014). A prospective study of grey matter and cognitive function alterations in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer patients. Springerplus, 3, 444. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-444.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D.-W., Sun, J.-Y., Wang, K., Zhang, S., Hou, Y.-J., Yang, M.-F., et al. (2015). Attenuation of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity by cyanidin, a natural inhibitor of ROS-mediated apoptosis in PC12 cells. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. doi:10.1007/s10571-015-0194-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lv, X.-F., Zheng, X.-L., Zhang, W.-D., Liu, L.-Z., Zhang, Y.-M., Chen, M.-Y., & Li, L. (2014). Radiation-induced changes in normal-appearing gray matter in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based morphometry study. Neuroradiology, 56(5), 423–30. doi:10.1007/s00234-014-1338-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, S. F., & Watkins, L. R. (2003). Immune-to-central nervous system communication and its role in modulating pain and cognition: Implications for cancer and cancer treatment. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 17(Suppl 1), S125–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, B. C., Conroy, S. K., Ahles, T. A., West, J. D., & Saykin, A. J. (2010). Gray matter reduction associated with systemic chemotherapy for breast cancer: a prospective MRI study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 123(3), 819–28. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1088-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, B. C., Conroy, S. K., Smith, D. J., West, J. D., & Saykin, A. J. (2013). Frontal gray matter reduction after breast cancer chemotherapy and association with executive symptoms: a replication and extension study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 30(Suppl(1090–2139 (Electronic)), S117–25. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McSweeny, A. J., Naugle, R. I., Chelune, G. J., & Lüders, H. (1993). T scores for change”: an illustration of a regression approach to depicting change in clinical neuropsychology. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7(3), 300–312. doi:10.1080/13854049308401901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osburg, B., Peiser, C., Dömling, D., Schomburg, L., Ko, Y. T., Voigt, K., & Bickel, U. (2002). Effect of endotoxin on expression of TNF receptors and transport of TNF-alpha at the blood–brain barrier of the rat. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 283(5), E899–908. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00436.2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ouimet, L. A., Stewart, A., Collins, B., Schindler, D., & Bielajew, C. (2009). Measuring neuropsychological change following breast cancer treatment: an analysis of statistical models. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31(1), 73–89. doi:10.1080/13803390801992725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, A. D., Rossen, P., Mehlsen, M. Y., Pedersen, C. G., Zachariae, R., & von der Maase, H. (2009). Long-term cognitive function following chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 15(2), 296–301. doi:10.1017/S1355617709090316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinvang, I., Espeseth, T., & Westlye, L. T. (2013). APOE-related biomarker profiles in non-pathological aging and early phases of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1322–35. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. O., Geda, Y. E., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Christianson, T. J. H., Pankratz, V. S., et al. (2009). Association of C-reactive protein with mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: the Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 5(5), 398–405. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2009.01.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rzeski, W., Pruskil, S., Macke, A., Felderhoff-Mueser, U., Reiher, A. K., Hoerster, F., et al. (2004). Anticancer agents are potent neurotoxins in vitro and in vivo. Annals of Neurology, 56(3), 351–60. doi:10.1002/ana.20185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schagen, S. B., Boogerd, W., Muller, M. J., Huinink, W. T. B., Moonen, L., Meinhardt, W., & Van Dam, F. S. A. M. (2008). Cognitive complaints and cognitive impairment following BEP chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer. Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden), 47(1), 63–70. doi:10.1080/02841860701518058.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, M. (1996). Auditory and verbal learning test. A handbook. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, J., Riches, P., Gooding, R., Soni, N., & Hobbs, J. R. (1993). C-reactive protein and its cytokine mediators in intensive-care patients. Clinical Chemistry, 39(1), 147–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simó, M., Root, J. C., Vaquero, L., Ripollés, P., Jové, J., Ahles, T., et al. (2015). Cognitive and brain structural changes in a lung cancer population. Journal of Thoracic Oncology: Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, 10(1), 38–45. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skaali, T., Fosså, S. D., Andersson, S., Cvancarova, M., Langberg, C. W., Lehne, G., & Dahl, A. A. (2011). A prospective study of neuropsychological functioning in testicular cancer patients. Annals of Oncology: Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO, 22(5), 1062–70. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stouten-Kemperman, M. M., de Ruiter, M. B., Caan, M. W. A., Boogerd, W., Kerst, M. J., Reneman, L., & Schagen, S. B. (2015). Lower cognitive performance and white matter changes in testicular cancer survivors 10 years after chemotherapy. Human Brain Mapping. doi:10.1002/hbm.22942.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szczepanski, S. M., & Knight, R. T. (2014). Insights into human behavior from lesions to the prefrontal cortex. Neuron, 83(5), 1002–18. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Touitou, Y., Bogdan, A., Levi, F., Benavibes, M., & Auzeby, A. (1996). Disruption of the circadian patterns of serum cortisol in breast and ovarian cancer patients: relationships with tumour marker antigens. British Journal of Cancer, 74(8), 1248–52. Nature Publishing Group. /pmc/articles/PMC2075940/?report = abstract. Accessed 2 September 2014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trabert, B., Chen, J., Devesa, S. S., Bray, F., & McGlynn, K. A. (2014). International patterns and trends in testicular cancer incidence, overall and by histologic subtype, 1973–2007. Andrology. doi:10.1111/andr.293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-fourth edition. San Antonio: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wefel, J. S., Vardy, J., Ahles, T., & Schagen, S. B. (2011a). International cognition and cancer task force recommendations to harmonise studies of cognitive function in patients with cancer. The Lancet Oncology, 12(7), 703–8. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70294-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wefel, J. S., Vidrine, D. J., Veramonti, T. L., Meyers, C. A., Marani, S. K., Hoekstra, H. J., et al. (2011b). Cognitive impairment in men with testicular cancer prior to adjuvant therapy. Cancer, 117(1), 190–6. doi:10.1002/cncr.25298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wefel, J. S., Vidrine, D. J., Marani, S. K., Swartz, R. J., Veramonti, T. L., Meyers, C. A., et al. (2014). A prospective study of cognitive function in men with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. Psycho-Oncology, 23(6), 626–33. doi:10.1002/pon.3453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiens, A. N., Fuller, K. H., & Crossen, J. R. (1997). Paced auditory serial addition test: adult norms and moderator variables. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19(4), 473–83. doi:10.1080/01688639708403737.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C. J., Finch, C. E., & Cohen, H. J. (2002). Cytokines and cognition-the case for a head-to-toe inflammatory paradigm. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(12), 2041–2056. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50619.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, P., & Raz, N. (2014). Prefrontal cortex and executive functions in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 180–92. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit for Psychooncology and Health Psychology, Department of Oncology and Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University Hospital & Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 9, bygn. 1340, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Ali Amidi, Mimi Mehlsen, Cecilie R. Clausen & Robert Zachariae

  2. Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

    Mads Agerbæk

  3. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Lisa M. Wu

  4. Vejlefjord Rehabilitation, Stouby, Denmark

    Anders D. Pedersen

  5. Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Ditte Demontis & Anders D. Børglum

  6. iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark

    Ditte Demontis & Anders D. Børglum

  7. Department of Medical Physics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

    Anja Harbøll

Authors
  1. Ali Amidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mads Agerbæk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lisa M. Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anders D. Pedersen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mimi Mehlsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cecilie R. Clausen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ditte Demontis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Anders D. Børglum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Anja Harbøll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Robert Zachariae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Amidi.

Ethics declarations

The study was funded by grants from the Danish Cancer Society (R17-A698) and by Saværksejer Jeppe Juhls og Hustru Ovita Juhls Mindelegat. Lisa M. Wu’s was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number #7K07CA184145-02. Anders D. Børglum and Ditte Demontis were financially supported by The Lundbeck Foundation.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study and performed procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of The National Committee on Health Research Ethics and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amidi, A., Agerbæk, M., Wu, L.M. et al. Changes in cognitive functions and cerebral grey matter and their associations with inflammatory markers, endocrine markers, and APOE genotypes in testicular cancer patients undergoing treatment. Brain Imaging and Behavior 11, 769–783 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9552-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9552-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation