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Prognosefaktoren für das klinische Outcome nach arthroskopischer Schulterarthrolyse

Eine Hilfe zur Abschätzung des zu erwartenden Ergebnisses und zeitlichen Ablaufes unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Pathogenesen

Prognosis of arthroscopic capsular release for refractory frozen shoulder

Assistance for estimating postoperative treatment and expected clinical result for different etiologies and preoperative range of motion

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Zusammenfassung

Studienziel

Welche klinischen Parameter beeinflussen das Ergebnis nach arthroskopischer Schulterarthrolyse bei therapierefraktärer Schultersteife? Bietet ein zusätzlicher tiefer posteriorer Zugang Vorteile für das panglenoidale Release?

Methode

Ein arthroskopisches Vorgehen mit Standardzugängen von posterior über dem „soft spot“, von anterior durch das Rotatorenintervall und ein tiefes posteriores Portal („7 o‘clock“) dienten als Standard. Die Arthrolyse erfolgte mittels Radiofrequenzsonde. Constant Murley Score (CMS) und visuelle Analogskala (VAS) dienten zur Nachuntersuchung. Es konnten 44 von 47 Patienten aus dem Zeitraum 2006–2007 in die Studie eingeschlossen werden. Unterschieden wurde zwischen 5 Altersgruppen (30–40, 41–50, 51–60, 61–70, >70 Jahre), 4 Nachuntersuchungszeitpunkten (<6, 7–12, 13–18, >18 Monate) und 3 Ätiologien (idiopathisch, metabolisch, postoperativ/-traumatisch) und der Frage, ob eine subakromiale Harmonisierung durchgeführt wurde (n=32) oder nicht (n=12).

Ergebnisse

In der VAS konnte eine Reduktion der Schmerzen von präoperativ 76 auf postoperativ 19 Punkte erzielt werden. Der CMS erbrachte eine Verbesserung von präoperativ 26 auf postoperativ 66 Punkte. Von den 44 Patienten profitierten nach eigenen Angaben 42 durch die Operation. In allen Altersgruppen zeigte sich eine deutliche Verbesserung für beide Scores. Die Unterteilung in Nachuntersuchungszeitpunkte zeigte ebenfalls eine Besserung in allen Gruppen, wobei zwischen der ersten (<6 Monate) und dritten Gruppe (13–18 Monate) eine weitere klinische Verbesserung sichtbar wird (CMS 51 vs. 79; VAS 32 vs. 9). Begleitende metabolische Erkrankungen (n=29 ohne Nebenerkrankungen; n=15 mit Diabetes mellitus und Schilddrüsenerkrankungen) haben keinen Einfluss auf das Outcome. Die Gruppe mit subakromialer Dekompression (SAD) bei Bursitis/Akromionsporn zeigt identische Ergebnisse verglichen mit der Gruppe ohne SAD bei unauffälligen subakromialen Verhältnissen.

Schlussfolgerung

Von einer arthroskopischen Arthrolyse bei therapierefraktärer Schultersteife profitieren Patienten jeden Alters, unabhängig von Nebenerkrankungen. Eine SAD sollte nicht regelhaft, sondern nur bei Bursitis oder Spornbildung erfolgen. Bis zu 18 Monate postoperativ findet eine kontinuierliche klinische Verbesserung statt. Die Gruppe der postoperativen/-traumatischen Schultersteifen zeigt ein schlechteres Outcome. Der tiefe posteriore Zugang ist bei korrekter Platzierung komplikationsarm und erleichtert das inferiore und posteriore Kapsel-Release.

Abstract

Aim

Which clinical and functional parameters affect the outcome of arthroscopic panglenoidal release in refractory frozen shoulders? Does an accessory deep posterior approach (7 o’clock) facilitate the arthroscopic procedure?

Method

A total of 44 patients (23 women, 21 men) with refractory shoulder stiffness underwent an arthroscopic capsular release performed by radiofrequency electrode through a posterior, an anterior and a deep posterior approach (7 o’clock). Prior conservative treatment took at least 3–4 months. A standard aftercare protocol (free passive and active motion, physiotherapy) was started on the first postoperative day. An intraarticular pain catheter for 2 days accompanied by oral analgetics was used for pain treatment. Average age was 57 (range: 37 to 84). The mean duration of follow-up was 11 months (range: 3 to 21). Three distinct etiologies were identified: idiopathic in 19, metabolic (diabetes, hyperthyreoidism) in 15, and postoperative/postfracture in 10. Five different age cohorts were identified: 30–40 years in 4 patients, 41–50 in 8, 51–60 in 17, 61–70 in 10 and >71 in 5. Furthermore, the point of time of follow-up examination was classified: <6 months in 11 patients, 7–12 months in 14, 13–18 months in 13 and >18 months in 6. Patients were also divided in 3 groups concerning preoperative range of motion for anteversion: 31–60° in 24, 61–90° in 10 and 91–120° in 8. Finally we divided the group into those who received subacromial decompression (n=32) and those who did not (n=12). Subacromial decompression was only performed in case of bursitis or acromial spur. The retrospective outcome evaluation included the median Constant Murley Score (CMS) and median Visual Analog Score (VAS). Statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

No instability or nerve damage occurred after capsular release using two posterior approaches. Inferior capsular release, up to the triceps tendon, is relieved easily by using the deep posterior approach. The study population showed significant improvement (P<0.001) for both scores (VAS decreased from 76 to 19 and CMS increased from 26 to 66). Each age cohort showed a significant improvement for both scores (P<0.001), without a significant difference (P>0.05) in the between group comparisons. The same significant improvement (P<0.001) was shown for each point of time of follow-up, with a significantly better outcome (P<0.05) between the <6 month group and the 7–12 month group, and the 7–12 month group and the >18 month group for the CMS. VAS showed only a significant better outcome (P<0.05) between the <6 month group and the 7–12 month group. All three groups of different etiologies showed a significant improvement (P<0.001) for both scores, with the difference of a significant better outcome (P<0.05) between the idiopathic and the metabolic group compared to the postfracture/posttraumatic group, for both scores. No significant difference exists between the idiopathic and metabolic group. Patients who underwent subacromial decompression (n=32) showed a non-significant (P>0.05) outcome, compared to the patients without subacromial decompression. Subdividing the patients into groups concerning the preoperative motion for anteversion showed an expected significant improvement from the 31–60° group to the 61–90° group, and for the 61–90° group to the 91-120° group for the preoperative parameters in CMS, but no significance (P>0.05) for the postoperative parameters between the three groups in CMS. Significant improvement for VAS was shown not only between the 31–60°°group and the 91–120°°group, but also for the postoperative parameters. The improvement from pre- to postoperative parameters, within each group, was significant (P<0.001) for both scores.

Conclusion

An accessory deep posterior approach for inferior capsular release is a safe and simple method to complete the capsular release up to the triceps tendon. Patient’s age or preoperative motion do not alter the postoperative outcome. The duration of continuous clinical improvement takes at least 1 year. During this time, patients should be encouraged to practice stretching exercises at home. Regardless of etiology, arthroscopic capsular release resulted in improvement. Patients suffering from idiopathic or metabolic frozen, stiff shoulder improve better than those suffering from postoperative or postfracture shoulder stiffness. Subacromial decompression should not be performed regularly, but only in case of bursitis or acromial spur.

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Giannakos , A., Lazovic , D. & Beuchel , M. Prognosefaktoren für das klinische Outcome nach arthroskopischer Schulterarthrolyse. Obere Extremität 4, 79–87 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-009-0023-y

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