Abstract
Selective logging is well-recognized as an effective practice in sustainable forest management. However, the ecological efficiency or resilience of the residual stand is often in doubt. Recovery time depends on operational variables, diversity, and forest structure. Selective logging is excellent but is open to changes. This may be resolved by mathematical programming and this study integrates the economic-ecological aspects in multi-objective function by applying two evolutionary algorithms. The function maximizes remaining stand diversity, merchantable logs, and the inverse of distance between trees for harvesting and log landings points. The Brazilian rainforest database (566 trees) was used to simulate our 216-ha model. The log landing design has a maximum volume limit of 500 m3. The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm was applied to solve the main optimization problem. In parallel, a sub-problem (p-facility allocation) was solved for landing allocation by a genetic algorithm. Pareto frontier analysis was applied to distinguish the gradients α-economic, β-ecological, and γ-equilibrium. As expected, the solutions have high diameter changes in the residual stand (average removal of approximately 16 m3 ha−1). All solutions showed a grouping of trees selected for harvesting, although there was no formation of large clearings (percentage of canopy removal < 7%, with an average of 2.5 ind ha−1). There were no differences in floristic composition by preferentially selecting species with greater frequency in the initial stand for harvesting. This implies a lower impact on the demographic rates of the remaining stand. The methodology should support projects of reduced impact logging by using spatial-diversity information to guide better practices in tropical forests.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amaral MRM, Lima AJN, Higuchi FG, dos Santos J, Higuchi N (2019) Dynamics of tropical forest twenty-five years after experimental logging in central Amazon mature forest. Forests 10(2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020089
Amaral EF (2000) Caracterização pedológica das unidades regionais do Estado do Acre. Rio Branco: Embrapa Acre 15p. (Embrapa Acre. Circular Técnica 29). (in Portuguese)
Asner GP, Keller M, Silva JNM (2004) Spatial and temporal dynamics of forest canopy gaps following selective logging in the eastern Amazon. Global Change Biol 10(5):765–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00756.x
Avila AL, Schwartz G, Ruschel AR, do LopesSilva JCJNM, de Carvalho JOP, Dormann CF, Mazzei L, Soares MHM, Bauhus J (2017) Recruitment, growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest. For Ecol Manag 385:225–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.039
Azevedo-Ramos C, de Carvalho O, do Amaral BD (2006) Short-term effects of reduced-impact logging on eastern Amazon fauna. For Ecol Manag 232(1–3):26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.025
Baddeley A, Turner R (2005) Spatstat: an R package for analyzing spatial point patterns. Jou of Stat Soft 12(6):1–42. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v012.i06
Bettinger P, Boston K (2017) Forest planning heuristics-current recommendations and research opportunities for s-metaheuristics. Forests 8(12):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120476
Bettinger P, Zhu JP (2006) A new heuristic method for solving spatially constrained forest planning problems based on mitigation of infeasibilities radiating outward from a forced choice. Silva Fennica 40(2):315–333. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.477
Betts RA, Malhi Y, Roberts JT (2008) The future of the Amazon: new perspectives from climate, ecosystem and social sciences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363(1498):1729–1735. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0011
Bezerra TG, Ruschel AR, Emmert F, Nascimento RG (2021) Changes caused by forest logging in structure and floristic diversity of natural regeneration: relationship between climate variables and forest dynamics in the eastern Amazon. Forest Ecol Manag 482:118862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118862
Bordon NG, Nogueira A, Leal Filho N, Higuchi N (2019) Blowdown disturbance effect on the density, richness and species composition of the seed bank in Central Amazonia. Forest Ecol Manag 453:117633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117633
Burivalova Z, Şekercioǧlu ÇH, Koh LP (2014) Thresholds of logging intensity to maintain tropical forest biodiversity. Curr Biol 24(16):1893–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.065
Capanema V, Escada MIS, Andrade PR, Landini LG (2022) Assessing logging legislation parameters and forest growth dissimilarities in the Brazilian Amazon. For Ecol Manag 513:120170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120170
Carvalho AL, Neves d’Oliveira MV, Putz FE, Oliveira LC (2017) Natural regeneration of trees in selectively logged forest in western Amazonia. Forest Ecol Manag 392:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2017.02.049
Chave J, Muller-Landau HC, Baker TR, Easdale TA, ter Steege H, Webb CO (2006) Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species. Ecol Appl 16(6):2356–2367. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2356:RAPVOW]2.0.CO;2
Chave J, Coomes D, Jansen S, Lewis SL, Swenson NG, Zanne AE (2009) Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum. Ecol Let 12(4):351–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01285
CONAMA (2009) Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Resolução CONAMA 406, de 2 de fevereiro de 2009. Disponível em: http://www2.mma.gov.br/port/conama/legiabre.cfm?codlegi=597(in Portuguese)
Conde TM, Tonini H, Higuchi N, Higuchi FG, Lima AJN, Barbosa RI, Pereira TD (2022) Effects of sustainable forest management on tree diversity, timber volumes, and carbon stocks in an ecotone forest in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Lan Use Pol 119:106145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106145
Contreras M, Chung W (2007) A computer approach to finding an optimal log landing location and analyzing influencing factors for ground-based timber harvesting. Can J For Res 37(2):276–292. https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-219
Crowe K, Nelson J, Boyland M (2003) Solving the area-restricted harvest-scheduling model using the branch and bound algorithm. Can J For Res 33(9):1804–1814. https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-101
D’Oliveira MVN, Ribas LA (2011) Forest regeneration in artificial gaps twelve years after canopy opening in Acre State Western Amazon. For Ecol Manag 261(11):1722–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.01.020
D’Oliveira MVN, Figueiredo EO, de Almeida DRA, Oliveira LC, Silva CA, Nelson BW, Cunha RM, Papa DA, Stark SC, Valbuena R (2021) Impacts of selective logging on Amazon Forest canopy structure and biomass with a LiDAR and photogrammetric survey sequence. For Ecol Manag 500:119648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119648
Deb K, Jain H (2014) An evolutionary many-objective optimization algorithm using reference-point-based nondominated sorting approach, Part I: solving problems with box constraints. IEEE T Evolut Comput 18(4):577–601. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEVC.2013.2281535
Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T (2002) A fast and elitist multi-objective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE T Evolut Comput 6(2):182–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017
Decocq G, Aubert M, Dupont F, Alard D, Saguez R, Watter-Franger A, Foucault B, Delelis-Dusollier A, Bardat J (2004) Plant diversity in a managed temperate deciduous forest: understorey response to two silvicultural systems. J Appl Ecol 41(6):1065–1079. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00960.x
Dionisio LFS, Schwartz G, Lopes J, do C, Oliveira F de A, (2018) Growth, mortality, and recruitment of tree species in an Amazonian rainforest over 13 years of reduced impact logging. Forest Ecol Manag 430:150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.024
Duah-Gyamfi A, Swaine EK, Adam KA, Pinard MA, Swaine MD (2014) Can harvesting for timber in tropical forest enhance timber tree regeneration? Forest Ecol Manag 314:26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.025
Durbach IN, Stewart TJ (2012) Modeling uncertainty in multi-criteria decision analysis. Eur J Oper Res 223(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.04.038
Erfanifard Y, Stereńczak K, Miścicki S (2019) Management strategies alter competitive interactions and structural properties of Norway spruce in mixed stands of Bialowież a Forest, Poland. For Ecol Manag 437:87–98
Esquivel-Muelbert A, Baker TR, Dexter KG, Lewis SL, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Lloyd J, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Arroyo L, Álvarez-Dávila E, Higuchi N, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Silveira M, Vilanova E, Gloor E, Malhi Y, Chave J, Barlow J, Phillips OL (2019) Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change. Global Change Biol 25(1):39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14413
Fauset S, Johnson MO, Gloor M, Baker TR, Monteagudo MA, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Malhi Y, ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, Baraloto C, Engel J, Pétronelli P, Andrade A, Camargo JLC, Laurance SGW, Laurance WF, Chave J, Phillips OL (2015) Hyper dominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling. Nat Commun 6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7857
Fotakis DG, Sidiropoulos E, Myronidis D, Loannou K (2012) Spatial genetic algorithm for multi-objective forest planning. For Policy Econ 21:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.04.002
França LCJ, Acerbi Júnior FW, Jarochinski e Silva CS, Ussi Monti CS, Ferreira TC, Santana CJO, Gomide LR (2022) Forest landscape planning and management: a state-of-the-art review. Trees For People 6:100275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100275
Freitas JV, Pinard MA (2008) Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests. For Ecol Manag 256(7):1434–1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.001
Füldner K (1995) Zur Strukturbeschreibung in Misch- beständen. Forstarchiv 66:235–240
Gatti RC (2018) Modelling weed and vine disturbance in tropical forests after selective logging and clearcutting. Ecol Model 375:13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.01.018
Gaui TD, Costa FRC, Coelho de Souza F, Amaral MRM, de Carvalho DC, Reis FQ, Higuchi N (2019) Long-term effect of selective logging on floristic composition: a 25 year experiment in the Brazilian Amazon. For Ecol Manag 440:258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.033
Getzin S, Dean C, He F, Trofymow JA, Wiegand K, Wiegand T (2006) Spatial patterns and competition of tree species in a Douglas-fir chronosequence on Vancouver Island. Ecography 29:671–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04675.x
Glasser GJ (1962) Variance formulas for the mean difference and coefficient of concentration. J Am Stat Assoc 57:648–654. https://doi.org/10.2307/2282402
Hall JS, Harris DJ, Medjibe V, Ashton PM (2003) The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species composition in a Central African forest: implications for management of conservation areas. For Ecol Manag 183(1–3):249–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00107-5
Hiltner U, Huth A, Brauning A, Hérault B, Fischer R (2018) Simulation of succession in a neotropical forest: high selective logging intensities prolong the recovery times of ecosystem functions. For Ecol Manag 430:517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.042
Hogan JA, Hérault B, Bachelot B, Gorel A, Jounieaux M, Baraloto C (2018) Understanding the recruitment response of juvenile neotropical trees to logging intensity using functional traits. Ecol Appl 28(8):1998–2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1776
Illian J, Penttinen A, Stoyan H, Stoyan D (2008) Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Statistical+Analysis+and+Modelling+of+Spatial+Point+Patterns-p-9780470014912
Kiker GA, Bridges TS, Varghese A, Seager TP, Linkov I (2005) Application of multicriteria decision analysis in environmental decision making. Integr Environ Asses 1(2):95–108. https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_2004a-015.1
Koch EW, Barbier EB, Silliman BR, Reed DJ, Perillo GME, Hacker SD, Granek EF, Primavera JH, Muthiga N, Polasky S, Halpern BS, Kennedy CJ, Kappel CV, Wolanski E (2009) Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Front Ecol Environ 7(1):29–37. https://doi.org/10.1890/080126
Konak A, Coit DW, Smith AE (2006) Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms: a tutorial. Reliab Eng Syst Safe 91(9):992–1007
Laliberté E, Legendre P, Shipley B (2014) FD: Measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. R package version 1.0–12.
Lin DM, Lai JS, Yang B, Song P, Li N, Ren HB, Ma KP (2015) Forest biomass recovery after different anthropogenic disturbances: relative importance of changes in stand structure and wood density. Eur J For Res 134(5):769–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0888-9
Lu L, Anderson-Cook CM, Robinson TJ (2012) A case study to demonstrate a Pareto Frontier for selecting a best response surface design while simultaneously optimizing multiple criteria. Appl Stoch Model Bus 28(3):206–221
Marin-Spiotta E, Silver WL, Ostertag R (2007) Long-term patterns in tropical reforestation: plant community composition and aboveground biomass accumulation. Ecol Appl 17(3):828–839
Marra DM, Chambers JQ, Higuchi N, Trumbore SE, Ribeiro GHPM, Santos J, Negrón-Juárez RI, Reu B, With C (2014) Large-scale wind disturbances promote tree diversity in a Central Amazon Forest. PLoS ONE 9(8):103711
Martin PA, Newton AC, Pfeifer M, Khoo M, Bullock JM (2015) Impacts of tropical selective logging on carbon storage and tree species richness: a meta-analysis. For Ecol Manag 356:224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.07.010
Matricardi EAT, Skole DL, Costa OB, Pedlowski MA, Samek JH, Miguel EP (2020) Long-term forest degradation surpasses deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 369:1378–1382
McNaughton AJ, Ryan D (2008) Adjacency branches used to optimize forest harvesting subject to area restrictions on clearfell. For Sci 54(4):442–454
Morgan D, Strindberg S, Winston W, Stephens CR, Traub C, Ayina CE, Ebika STN, Mayoukou W, Koni D, Iyenguet F, Sanz CM (2019) Impacts of selective logging and associated anthropogenic disturbance on intact forest landscapes and apes of northern Congo. Front Glob For Changes 2:28. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00028
Naaf T, Wulf M (2007) Effects of gap size, light and herbivory on the herb layer vegetation in European beech forest gaps. For Ecol Manag 244(1–3):141–149
Niggemann M, Wiegand T, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Bialozyt R (2012) Marked point pattern analysis on genetic paternity data for uncertainty assessment of pollen dispersal kernels. J Ecol 100(1):264–276
Otani T, Lima AJN, Suwa R, Amaral MRM, Ohashi S, Pinto ACM, dos Santos J, Kajimoto T, Higuchi N, Ishizuka M (2018) Recovery of above-ground tree biomass after moderate selective logging in a central Amazonian Forest. Iforest 11(3):352–359. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2534-011
Packalen P, Pukkala T, Pascual A (2020) Combining spatial and economic criteria in tree-level harvest planning. For Ecosyst 7(1):1–13
Pasandideh SHR, Niaki STA, Asadi K (2015) Bi-objective optimization of a multi-product multi-period three-echelon supply chain problem under uncertain environments: NSGA-II and NRGA. Inf Sci 292:57–74
Pastorella F, Paletto A (2013) Stand structure indices as tools to support forest management: an application in Trentino forests (Italy). J For Sci 59(4):159–168
Pereira Júnior R, Zweede J, Asner GP, Keller M (2002) Forest canopy damage and recovery in reduced impact and conventional selective logging in eastern Pará. Brazil For Ecol Manag 168(1–3):77–89
Permanent Development Forum of Acre (2018) Forest Sector Lumberjack. Available in https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gGHNvDTWROHS26ns4DL5_QT2p6D7Y17c/view
Pinagé ER, Keller M, Duffy P, Longo M, dos-Santos MN, Morton DC (2019) Long-term impacts of selective logging on Amazon Forest dynamics from multi-temporal airborne LiDAR. Rem Sens 11(6):2–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060709
Pinard MA, Putz FE (1996) Retaining Forest biomass by reducing logging damage. Biotropica 28(3):278–295
Poudyal BH, Maraseni T, Cockfield G (2018) Evolutionary dynamics of selective logging in the tropics: a systematic review of impact studies and their effectiveness in sustainable forest management. For Ecol Manag 430:166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.006
Prado-Junior JA, Schiavini I, Vale VS, Arantes CS, der SandeLohbeckPoorter MTVML (2016) Conservative species drive biomass productivity in tropical dry forests. J Ecol 104(3):817–827
Pukkala T, Lähde E, Laiho O (2015) Which trees should be removed in thinning treatments? For Ecos 2(1):32
Putz FE, Sist P, Fredericksen T, Dykstra D (2008) Reduced-impact logging: challenges and opportunities. For Ecol Manag 256(7):1427–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036
Qi L, Yang J, Yu DP, Dai LM, Contrereas M (2016) Responses of regeneration and species coexistence to single-tree selective logging for a temperate mixed forest in eastern Eurasia. Ann For Sci 73(2):449–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0537-6
R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Rao RV, Waghmare GG (2014) A comparative study of a teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm on multi-objective unconstrained and constrained functions. J King Saud Univ-Comp Inf Sci 26(3):332–346
Réjou-Méchain M, Piponiot C, Chave J, Hérault B (2017) Biomass: an R package for estimating above-ground biomass and its uncertainty in tropical forests. Methods Ecol Evol 8(9):1163–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12753
Rifai SW, Muñoz JDU, Negrón-Juárez R, Arévalo FRR, Tello-Espinoza R, Vanderwel MC, Lichstein JW, Chambers JR, Bohlman SA (2016) Landscape-scale consequences of differential tree mortality from catastrophic wind disturbance in the Amazon. Ecol Appl 26(7):2225–2237
Santiago LS, González-Campos JB, Ponce-Ortega JM, Serna-González M, El-Halwagi M (2004) Leaf photosynthetic traits scale with hydraulic conductivity and wood density in Panamanian forest canopy trees. Oecologia 140(4):543–550. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie102195g
Santibañez-Aguilar JE, González-Campos JB, Ponce-Ortega JM, Serna-González M, El-Halwagi MM (2011) Optimal planning of a biomass conversion system considering economic and environmental aspects. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(14):8558–8570
Schmid JS, Taubert F, Wiegand T, Sun IF, Huth A (2020) Network science applied to forest megaplots: tropical tree species coexist in small-world networks. Sci Rep 10:3198. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70052-8
Schwartz G, Falkowski V, Peña-Claros M (2017) Natural regeneration of tree species in the Eastern Amazon: short-term responses after reduced-impact logging. For Ecol Manag 385:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.036
Senior RA, Hill JK, Benedick S, Edwards DP (2018) Tropical forests are thermally buffered despite intensive selective logging. Glob Change Biol 24(3):1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13914
Sheil D, Van Heist M (2000) Ecology for tropical forest management. Inter For Rev 2(4):261–271
Shenkin A, Bolker B, Peña-Claros M, Licona JC, Putz FE (2015) Fates of trees damaged by logging in Amazonian Bolivia. For Ecol Manag 357:50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.009
Silva PH, Gomide LR, Figueiredo EO, Carvalho LMT, Ferraz-Filho AC (2018) Optimal selective logging regime and log landing location models: a case study in the Amazon Forest. Acta Amazon 48(1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201603113
Soliani C, Vendramin GG, Gallo LA, Marchelli P (2016) Logging by selective extraction of best trees: does it change patterns of genetic diversity? The case of Nothofagus pumilio. For Ecol Manag 373:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.04.032
Steuer RE, Schuler AT (1979) An interactive multiple-objective linear programming approach to a problem in forest management. Oper Res 26(2):254–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(79)90046-X
Tecle A, Shrestha BP, Duckstein L (1998) A multiobjective decision support system for multiresource forest management. Group Decis Negot 7(1):23–40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008671129325
Torras O, Saura S (2008) Effects of silvicultural treatments on forest biodiversity indicators in the Mediterranean. For Ecol Manag 255(8–9):3322–3330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.013
Valbuena R, Packalén P, Martín-Fernández S, Maltamo M (2012) Diversity and equitability ordering profiles applied to study forest structure. For Ecol Manag 276:185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.036
Von Gadow K (1993) Zur Bestandesbeschreibung in der Forsteinrichtung. For Holz 48:601–606
Von Gadow K, Hui GY, Albert M (1998) The neighbourhood pattern—a new parameter for describing forest structures. Centralblatt Fur Das Gesamte Forstwesen 115:1–10
Wang GL, Liu F (2011) The influence of gap creation on the regeneration of Pinus tabuliformis planted forest and its role in the near-natural cultivation strategy for planted forest management. For Ecol Manag 262(3):413–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.007
Weston S, Calaway R (2019) Getting started with do parallel and foreach. Vignette, CRAN, URL, 957. http://users.iems.northwestern.edu/~nelsonb/Masterclass/gettingstartedParallel.pdf
Wiegand T, Grabarnik P, Stoyan D (2016) Envelope tests for spatial point patterns with and without simulation. Ecosphere 7(6):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1365
Yguel B, Piponiot C, Mirabel A, Dourdain A, Hérault B, Gourlet-Fleury S, Forget PM, Fontaine C (2019) Beyond species richness and biomass: Impact of selective logging and silvicultural treatments on the functional composition of a neotropical forest. For Ecol Manag 433:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.022
Zhou JJ, Gao L, Yao XF, Chan FTS, Zhang JM, Li XY, Lin YZ (2019) A decomposition and statistical learning based many-objective artificial bee colony optimizer. Inf Sci 496:82–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.05.014
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Project funding: This study was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, the Postgraduate Programme in Forest Engineering of the Federal University of Lavras (PPGEF/UFLA) and Group of Optimization and Planning (GOPLAN/UFLA/LEMAF-Forest Management Research Lab).
The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com.
Corresponding editor: Tao Xu.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lacerda, T.H.S., de Jesus França, L.C., Lopes, I.L.e. et al. Multi-objective forest harvesting under sustainable and economic principles. J. For. Res. 34, 1379–1394 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-023-01614-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-023-01614-5