Abstract
Thinning is a necessary and complex forestry activity. The complexity increases due to theoretical disagreements, contradictory recommendations, and errors of modern practice, which require confirmation through long-time experiments. This article presents a summary of experimental results from plantations established 20–30 years ago and explains concepts of the theory, methods, and regime of thinning in permanent sample plots of pine stands in Gatchinsky forest of the Leningrad region. The research results allow for the clarification of growth patterns and age dynamics of pine stands subject to heavy, low thinning, as well as the results of applying the crown (high) thinning technique and a mixed treatment. A combined thinning and fertilization could improve wood quality and yield compared to conventional methods. Of particular scientific importance is the analysis of change in tree diameter classes during growth and after thinning. The research results allow for optimizing the treatment regime in pine plantations and reducing labor intensity by increasing the intensity of thinning and reducing the number of techniques.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez S, Ortiz C, Díaz-Pinés E, Rubio A (2016) Influence of tree species composition, thinning intensity and climate change on carbon sequestration in Mediterranean mountain forests: a case study using the CO2Fix model. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 21(7):1045–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9565-4
Austin KG, Mosnier A, Pirker J, McCallum I, Fritz S, Kasibhatla PS (2017) Shifting patterns of oil palm driven deforestation in Indonesia and implications for zero-deforestation commitments. Land Use Policy 69:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.036
Borodin K, Zhangabay NZ (2019) Mechanical characteristics, as well as physical-and-chemical properties of the slag-filled concretes, and investigation of the predictive power of the metaheuristic approach. Curved Layer Struct 6(1):236–244. https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2019-0020
Bosela M, Štefančík I, Marčiš P, Rubio-Cuadrado Á, Lukac M (2021) Thinning decreases above-ground biomass increment in central European beech forests but does not change individual tree resistance to climate events. Agric for Meteorol 306:108441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108441
del Río GM, Oviedo AB, Pretzsch H, Löf M, Ruiz-Peinado R (2017) A review of thinning effects on Scots pine stands: from growth and yield to new challenges under global change. For Syst 26(2):9. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017262-11325
Duissenbekov B, Tokmuratov A, Zhangabay N, Orazbayev Z, Yerimbetov B, Aldiyarov Z (2020) Finite-difference equations of quasistatic motion of the shallow concrete shells in nonlinear setting. Curved Layer Struct 7(1):48–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2020-0005
Grigorev I, Frolov I, Kunickaya O, Burmistrova O, Manukovsky AY, Hertz E, Mueller O, Kremleva L, Protasova S, Mikhaylenko E (2019) Non-destructive testing of internal structure of the low-quality wood. Int J Civ Eng Technol 10(1):2104–2123
Hosius B, Leinemann L, Konnert M, Bergmann F (2006) Genetic aspects of forestry in the Central Europe. Eur J for Res 125(4):407–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0136-4
Karlsson L (2013) Silvicultural regimes and early biomass thinning in young, dense pine stands. Doctoral thesis. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, p 90
Kremer A, Ronce O, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Guillaume F, Bohrer G, Nathan R, Bridle JR, Gomulkiewicz R, Klein EK, Ritland K, Kuparinen A, Gerber S, Schueler S (2012) Long-distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change. Ecol Lett 15(4):378–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01746.x
Kunickaya OA, Shadrin AA, Burmistrova ON, Markov OB, Gasparyan GD, Davtyan AB, Lapshina ML, Sleptsova NA, Ustinova VV, Kruzhilin SN (2019a) Wood treatment with hydro impact: a theoretical and experimental study. Bulg J Agric Sci 25(2):158–166
Kunickaya OA, Shadrin AA, Kremleva LV, Mueller OD, Ivanov VA, Bederdinova OI, Kruchinin IN, Burgonutdinov AM, Zakharova OI, Struchkov NA (2019b) Modeling of the processes of the modification of the current volume warming by drainage and pressing. Bulg J Agric Sci 25(2):167–177
Kunickaya OA, Burmistrova ON, Hertz EO, Ivanov V, Nazarova I, Tanyukevich V, Semenyutina A, Sidorov M, Fedorova P, Ohlopkova M (2020a) Using machine vision to improve the efficiency of lumber mills. J Phys Conf Ser Int Conf Future Eng Syst Technol 1478:012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1478/1/012020
Kunickaya OA, Tanyukevich VV, Khmeleva DV, Kulik A, Runova EM, Savchenkova V, Voronova AM, Lavrov MM (2020b) Cultivation of the targeted forest plantations. JETT 8(4):1385–1393. https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/8(4)1393
Lindroth A, Holst J, Heliasz M, Vestin P, Lagergren F, Biermann T, Cai Z, Mölder M (2018) Effects of low thinning on carbon dioxide fluxes in a mixed hemiboreal forest. Agric for Meteorol 262:59–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.021
Marchi M, Paletto A, Cantiani P, Bianchetto E, De Meo I (2018) Comparing thinning system effects on ecosystem services provision in artificial black pine (Pinus nigra JF Arnold) forests. Forests 9(4):188. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9040188
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (2020) Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation as of 27.03.2020 N 173. On Amendments to the Rules of Forest care, approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation as of November 22, 2017. N 626. https://rulaws.ru/acts/Prikaz-Minprirody-Rossii-ot-27.03.2020-N-173/. Accessed 17 Dec 2020
Pommerening A, Murphy ST (2004) A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry 77(1):27–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/77.1.27
Powers MD, Palik BJ, Bradford JB, Fraver S, Webster CR (2010) Thinning method and intensity influence long-term mortality trends in a red pine forest. For Ecol Manag 260(7):1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.002
Pretzsch H, Biber P, Schütze G, Uhl E, Rötzer T (2014) Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nat Commun 5(1):4967. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5967
Primicia I, Colomo RA, Rodríguez JBI, Puertas F, Traver C, Martínez FJC (2016) Influence of thinning intensity and canopy type on Scots pine stand and growth dynamics in a mixed managed forest. For Syst 25(2):10. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2016252-07317
Rogozin M, Razin G (2015) Development of forest stands. Models, laws, hypotheses. PGNIU, Perm, p 277
Rudel TK, Meyfroidt P, Chazdon R, Bongers F, Sloan S, Grau HR, Holt TV, Schneider L (2020) Whither the forest transition? Climate change, policy responses, and redistributed forests in the twenty-first century. Ambio 49:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-01143-0
Ruiz-Peinado R, Bravo-Oviedo A, Montero G, Del Río M (2016) Carbon stocks in a Scots pine afforestation under different thinning intensities management. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 21(7):1059–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9585-0
Schulze ED, Sierra CA, Egenolf V, Woerdehoff R, Irslinger R, Baldamus C, Stupak I, Spellmann H (2020) The climate change mitigation effect of bioenergy from sustainably managed forests in Central Europe. GCB Bioenergy 12(3):186–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12672
Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M, Martin-Benito D, Peltoniemi M, Vacchiano G, Wild J, Ascoli D, Petr M, Honkaniemi J, Lexer MJ, Trotsiuk V, Mairota P, Svoboda M, Fabrika M, Nagel TA, Reyer CPO (2017) Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat Clim Change 7(6):395–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303
Sohn JA, Hartig F, Kohler M, Huss J, Bauhus J (2016) Heavy and frequent thinning promotes drought adaptation in Pinus sylvestris forests. Ecol App 26(7):2190–2205. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1373
State Duma (1972) GOST 18264 72. https://www.slideshare.net/Olein717/gost-18264-72-translation-english-deutsch-francais-italiano. Accessed 17 Dec 2020
State Duma (1984) GOST 12.3.037-84. Occupational safety standards system. Use of fertilizers in agriculture and forestry. General safety requirements. https://gostexpert.ru/data/files/12.3.037-84/a01d202764c7a4db452bf4e82eac9662.pdf. Accessed 17 Dec 2020
Stephens SL, Westerling AL, Hurteau MD, Peery MZ, Schultz CA, Thompson S (2020) Fire and climate change: conserving seasonally dry forests is still possible. Front Ecol Environ 18(6):354–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2218
Tahvonen O (2016) Economics of rotation and thinning revisited: the optimality of clearcuts versus continuous cover forestry. For Policy Econ 62:88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.08.013
Ushanov SV, Shevelev SL, Kulakova NN, Vais AA, Nemitch VN (2020) Simulation of forest ecosystems dynamic processes message. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, vol 822, no 1, p 012019. IOP Publishing, Bristol. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/822/1/012019
Utelbaeva AB, Ermakhanov MN, Zhanabai NZ, Utelbaev BT, MelDeshov AA (2013) Hydrogenation of benzene in the presence of ruthenium on a modified montmorillonite support. Russ J Phys Chem A 87(9):1478–1481
Yoshimoto A, Asante P, Konoshima M (2016) Stand-level forest management planning approaches. Curr for Rep 2(3):163–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0041-0
Zeide B (2001) Thinning and growth: a full turnaround. J for 99(1):20–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/99.1.20
Acknowledgements
The work was carried out within the confines of the scientific school “Advances in lumber industry and forestry”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com.
Corresponding editor: Zhu Hong.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grigoreva, O., Runova, E., Savchenkova, V. et al. Comparative analysis of thinning techniques in pine forests. J. For. Res. 33, 1145–1156 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01415-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01415-8