Abstract
Oil palm trunk is an excellent raw material for thermally compressed wood board. However, improvements to dimensional stability during water absorption and reduced thickness swelling has been tied to losses in other mechanical properties, especially as the compression temperature is increased. Toward solving this trade-off, we analyzed the effects of a 48 h pre-soak in citric acid solutions (0, 5, 15, 25, or 35% w/v in distilled water) on the physical and mechanical properties of oil palm board compressed at 140 °C. The reference benchmark case was compressed at 200 °C without pretreatment. The oil palm board raw materials were obtained from outer, middle and inner parts of trunk. The results showed that the oven-dry density of compressed oil palm board made from different parts of trunk increased with thermal compression (maximum pressure 12.26 MPa for 8 min). The citric acid pretreatment improved water absorption and thickness swelling properties of oil palm board thermally compressed at 140 °C, consistent with the citric acid concentration. The carboxyl groups in citric acid cross-link with the hydroxyl groups in the wood. However, no significant difference was found between the benchmark (200 °C) and pretreatments with 5 or 15% citric acid. The citric acid altered the wood chemistry during hot compressing at 140 °C. Static bending strength, modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) slightly decreased with the citric acid pretreatment, matching the effects of high temperature compression at 200 °C.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ASTM D 4761-02a (2002) Standard test method for mechanical properties of lumber and wood-Base structural material. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
ASTM D 1413-99 (2005) Standard method of testing wood preservatives by laboratory soilblock cultures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
ASTM D 7301- 30a (2006) Standard test methods for evaluating properties of wood-Base fiber and particle panel materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken
Blowberg J, Persson B, Blomberg A (2005) Effect of semi-isostatic densification of wood on the variation in strength properties with density. Wood Sci Technol 39:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-005-0290-8
Boon JG, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Hiziroglu S, Sugimoto T, Sato M (2013) Influence of processing parameters on some properties of oil palm trunk binderless particle board. Eur J Wood Prod 71:583–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0712-5
Bouajila J, Dole P, Joly C, Limare A (2006) Some laws of a lignin plasticization. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1445–1451. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24299
Choo ACY, Tahir PMd, Karimi A, Baker ES, Abdan K, Ibrahim A, Feng LY (2011) Density and humidity gradients in veneers of oil palm stems. Eur J Wood Prod 69:501–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0483-1
Choowang R, Hiziroglu S (2015) Properties of thermally-compressed oil palm trunks (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS). J Trop For Sci 27(1):39–46
Darwis A, Nurrochmat DR, Massijaya MY, Nugroho N, Alamsyah EM, Bahtiar ET, Safe’i R (2013) Vascular bundle distribution effect on density and mechanical properties of oil palm trunk. Asian J Plant Sci 12(5):208–213
Erwinsyah V (2008) Improvement of oil palm wood properties using bioresin. Ph.D. dissertation, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden
He X, Xiao Z, Feng X, Sui S, Wang Q, Xie Y (2016) Modification of poplar wood with glucose crosslinked with citric acid and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxy ethyleneurea. Holzforschung 70(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0317
Kariz M, Kitek Kuzman K, Sernek M, Hughes M, Rautkari L, Kamke FA, Kutnar A (2017) Influence of temperature of thermal treatment on surface densification of spruce. Eur J Wood Prod 75:113–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1052-z
Kutnar A, Kamke FA, Sernek M (2008) The mechanical properties of densified VTC wood relevant for structural composites. Holz Roh Werkst 66:439–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-008-0259-z
Laine K, Segerholm K, Wålinder M, Rautkari L, Ormondroyd G, Hughes M, Jones D (2014) Micromorphological studies of surface densified wood. J Mater Sci 49:2027–2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7890-8
Ma X, Jian R, Chang PR, Yu J (2012) Fabrication and characterization of citric acid-modified starch nanoparticles/plasticized-starch composites. Biomacromol 9:3314–3320
Pandey KK, Pitman AJ (2003) FT-IR studies of the changes in wood chemistry following decay by brown-rot and white-rot fungi. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 52:151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(03)00052-0
Rangsit University (2012) Biomass database potential in Thai. Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. http://weben.dede.go.th/webmax/sites/default/files/Biomass%20Database%20Potential%20in%20Thailand.pdf(accessed 25 Mar 2012)
Salim N, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Ibrahim M, Sato M, Hiziroglu S (2012) Optimum manufacturing parameters for compressed lumber from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunk: respond surface approach. Composites Parts B 43: 988–996 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.002
Šefc B, Trajković J, Hasan M, Katović D, Vokusić BS, Martina F (2009) Dimensional stability of wood modified by citric acid using different catalysts. Drvna Industrtja 60(1):23–26
Tomimura Y (1992) Chemical characteristics of oil palm trunks. Bull For For Prod Res Inst 362:133–142
Umemura K, Ueda T, Kawai S (2012) Characterization of wood-based molding bonding with citric acid. J Wood Sci 58:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-011-1214-x
Widyorini R, Umemura K, Isnan R, Putra DR, Awaludin A, Prayitino TA (2016) Manufacture and properties of citric acid-bonded particleboard made from bamboo materials. Eur J Wood Prod 74:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0967-0
Xie Y, Fu Q, Wang Q, Xiao Z, Militz H (2013) Effect of chemical modification on the mechanical properties of wood. Eur J Wood Prod 71:401–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0693-4
Yuhe C, Huehl JH (1999) Factors of affecting the spring back of compressed Paulownia wood. J For Res 10(3):168–172
Zhou X, Ma J, Ji Z, Zhang X, Ramaswamy S, Xu F, Sun RC (2014) Dilute acid pretreatment differentially affects the compositional and architectural features of Pinus bungeana Zucc. compression and opposite wood tracheid walls. Ind Crops Prod 69:196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.035
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the Prince of Songkla University for funding for this Project (SIT580810S) and thank the oil palm research team in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, for their excellent cooperation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Project funding: This work was supported by the Prince of Songkla University for funding this project (SIT580810S).
The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com
Corresponding editor: Yu Lei.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choowang, R., Suklueng, M. Influence of pre-treatment in citric acid solution on physical and mechanical properties of thermally compressed oil palm board. J. For. Res. 30, 1967–1972 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0726-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0726-2