Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of understory vegetation on P availability in Pinus radiata forest stands: A review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Forestry Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In many second-rotation Pinus radiata forest plantations, there has been a steady trend towards wider tree spacing and an increased rate of application of P fertiliser. Under these regimes, the potential for understory growth is expected to increase through increased light and greater nutrient resources. Therefore, understory vegetation could become a more significant component of P cycling in P. radiata forests than under closely-spaced stands. Studies have shown that growth rates and survival of trees is reduced in the presence of understory vegetation due to the competition of understory vegetation with trees. Other studies have suggested that understory vegetation might have beneficial effects on nutrient cycling and conservation within forest stands. This review discusses the significance of understory vegetation in radiata pine forest stands, especially their role in enhancing or reducing P availability to forest trees.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams MA, Attiwill PM, Polglase PJ. 1989. Availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in forest soils in north-eastern Tasmania. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 8: 212–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams JA, Walker TW. 1975. Some properties of a chronosequence of soils from granite in New Zealand. 2. Forms and amounts of phosphorus. Geoderma, 13: 41–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afif-Khouri E, Cámara Obregón, MA, Oliveira-Prendes JA, Gorgoso-Varela JJ. Canga-Líbano E. 2010. Relationship among soil parameters, tree nutrition and site index of Pinus radiata D. Don in Asturias, NW Spain. Forest Systems, 19: 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson G. 1980. Assessing organic phosphorus in soils. In: F.E. Khasawneh, E.C. Sample and E.J. Kamprath (eds), The role of Phosphorus in Agriculture. Wisconsin, USA: American Society of Agronomy, pp.411–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard R. 1980. Phosphorus nutrition and fertilisation of forest trees. In: F.E. Khasawneh, E.C. Sample and E.J. Kamprath (eds), The role of Phosphorus in Agriculture. Wisconsin, USA: American Society of Agronomy, pp. 763–804.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao CS, Sang YR, Wang CK, Jin XY. 1996. The characteristics of the nutrient cycling in birch stands with different age stages. Journal of Northeast Forestry University (English Edition), 7(1): 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beets PN, Pollock DS. 1987. Accumulation and partitioning of dry matter in Pinus radiata as related to stand age and thinning. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 17: 246–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi H, Long Y, Turner J, Lei Y, Snowdon P, Li Y, Harper R, Zerihun A, Ximenes F. 2010. Additive prediction of aboveground biomass for Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 259: 2301–2314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binkley D, Lousier JD, Cromack KJr. 1984. Ecosystem effects of Sitka alder in a Douglas-fir plantation. Forest Science, 30: 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binkley D, Giardina C, Bashkin MA. 2000. Soil phosphorus pools and supply under the influence of Eucalyptus saligna and nitrogen-fixing Albizia falcataria. Forest Ecology and Management, 128: 241–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen GD, Rovira AD. 1991. The rhizosphere: the hidden half of the hidden half. In: Y. Waisel, A. Eshel and U. Kafkafi (eds), Plant Roots: the Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York: pp.641–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockerhoff EG, Jactel H, Parrotta JA, Quine CP, Sayer J. 2008. Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity? Biodiversity Conservation, 17: 925–951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkes CE, Will RE, Barron-Gafford GA, Teskey RO, Shiver B. 2003. Biomass Partitioning and Growth Efficiency of Intensively Managed Pinus taeda and Pinus elliotii Stands of Different Planting Densities. Forest Science, 49: 224–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan BS, Stewart JWB, Paul EA. 1981. Effect of labile inorganic phosphate status and organic carbon additions on the microbial uptake of phosphorus in soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 61: 373–385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CR, Condron LM, Davis MR, Sherlock RR. 2000. Effects of afforestation on phosphorus dynamics and biological properties in a New Zealand grassland soil. Plant and Soil, 220: 151–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CR, Condron LM, Davis MR, Sherlock RR. 2002. Phosphorus dynamics in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and radiate pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.). Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34: 487–499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CR, Condron LM, Turner BL, Mahieu N, Davis MR, Xu ZH, Sherlock RR. 2004. Mineralisation of soil orthophosphate monoesters under pine seedlings and ryegrass. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 42: 189–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clinton PW, Frampton CM, Mead DJ. 1994. Modelling competitive pasture effects on nutrient uptake by Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 24: 268–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Condron LM, Davis MR, Newman RH, Cornforth S. 1996. Influence of conifers on the forms of phosphorus in selected New Zealand grassland soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 21: 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Condron L M, Turner BL, Cade-Menun BJ. 2005. Chemistry and dynamics of soil organic phosphorus. In: J.T. Sims and A.N. Sharpley (eds), Phosphorus: Agriculture and the Environment. Madison, Wisconsin: ASA/CSSA/SSSA, pp. 87–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Condron L, Newman S. 2011. Revisiting the fundamentals of phosphorus fractionation of sediments and soil. Journal Soil Sediments, 11: 830–840.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crews TE, Kitayama K, Fownes JH, Riley RH, Herbert DA, Mueller-Dombois. 1995. Changes in soil phosphorus fractions and ecosystem dynamics across a long chronosequence in Hawaii. Ecology, 76: 1407–1424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis MR, Lang MH. 1991. Increased nutrient availability in topsoils under conifers in the South Island high country. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 21: 165–179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans J. 2009. Planted forests: uses, impacts and sustainability. Wallingford, United Kingdom, CABI and Rome, FAO, 213 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest WG, Ovington JD. 1970. Organic matter changes in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 7: 177–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick DJ, Madgwick HAI, Jurgensen MF, Oliver GR. 1985. Dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of 8-year-old stands of Eucalyptus regnans, Acacia dealbata, and Pinus radiata in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 15: 142–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frossard E, Condron LM, Oberson A, Sinaj S, Fardeau JC. 2000. Processes governing phosphorus availability in temperate soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29: 15–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil RL, Charlton JFL, Sandberg AM, Allen PJ. 1988. Establishment of selected legumes in a mid-rotation Pinus radiata plantation. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 18: 210–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadgil RL, Charlton JFL, Sandberg AM, Allen PJ. 1992. Nutritional relationships between pampas grass (Cortaderia spp.) and Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 22: 3–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner WK, Boundy KA. 1983. The acquisition of phosphorus by Lupinus albus L. IV. The effect of intercropping wheat and white lupin on the growth and mineral composition of the two species. Plant and Soil, 70: 391–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giardina CP, Huffman S, Binkley D, Caldwell BA. 1995. Alders increase soil phosphorus availability in a Douglas-fir plantation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25: 1652–1657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie AR, Pope PE. 1989. Alfalfa N2-fixation enhances the phosphorus uptake of walnut in interplantings. Plant and Soil, 113: 291–293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grove TS, Malajczuk N. 1984. Biomass production by trees and understory shrubs in an age-series of Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 11: 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haynes RJ. 1984. Lime and phosphate in the soil-plant system. Advances in Agronomy, 37: 249–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley MJ, White RE, Nye PH. 1982. Plant-induced changes in the rhizosphere of rape (Brassica napus Var. Emerald) seedlings. III. Changes in L-value, soil phosphate fractions and phosphatase activity. New Phytologist, 95: 69–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinsinger P. 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review. Plant and Soil, 237: 173–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horst WJ, Kamh M, Jibrin JM, Chude VO. 2001. Agronomic measures for increasing P availability to crops. Plant and Soil, 237: 211–223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter IR, Graham JD. 1983. Three-year response of phosphorus-deficient Pinus radiata to various rates of superphosphate fertiliser. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 13: 229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter IR, Hunter JAC. 1991. Apparent phosphorus uptake and change in nitrogen content of Pinus radiata growing on soils of different phosphorus retention, treated with superphosphate and A-grade rock phosphate. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 21: 50–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter IR, Rodgers BE, Dunningham A, Prince JM, Thorn AJ. 1991. An atlas of radiata pine nutrition in New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry of Forestry. FRI Bulletin No. 165, 24 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang SN, Zhai MP. 2000. Nitrogen transfer between N2-fixing plant and non-N2-fixing plant. Journal of Forestry Research, 11(2): 75–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junk A, Seeling B, Gerke J. 1993. Mobilization of different phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 155/156: 91–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanna PH, Ulrich B. 1984. Soil characteristics influencing nutrient supply in forest soils. In: G.D. Bowen and E.K.S. Nambiar (eds). Nutrition of Plantation Forests. Academic Press Inc. Ltd., New York, USA, pp.79–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klemmedson JO. 1994. New Mexican locust and parent material: influence of forest floor and soil macronutrients. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58: 974–980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight PJ. 1978. Fertiliser practice in New Zealand forest nurseries. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 8: 27–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Zhang F, Li X, Christie P, Sun J, Yang S, Tang C. 2003a. Interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake by intercropped maize and faba bean. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 65: 61–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Tang C, Rengel Z, Zhang F. 2003b. Chickpea facilitates phosphorus uptake by intercropped wheat from an organic phosphorus source. Plant and Soil, 248: 297–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long JN, Turner J. 1975. Above-ground biomass of understory and overstorey in an age sequence of four Douglas-fir stands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 12: 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean DA, Wein RW. 1977. Nutrient accumulation for postfire jack pine and hardwood succession patterns in New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 7: 562–578.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maclaren JP. 1993. Radiata pine growers’ manual. FRI Bulletin No. 184. Rotorua, New Zealand, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, 140 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madgwick HAI, Jackson DS, Knight PJ. 1977. Above-ground dry matter, energy, and nutrient contents of trees in an age series of Pinus radiata plantations. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 7: 445–468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madgwick HAI. 1985. Dry matter and nutrient relationships in stands of Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 15: 324–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madgwick HAI, Oliver GR. 1985. Dry matter content and production of close-spaced Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 15: 135–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madgwick HAI, Sims A, Oliver GR. 1988. Nutrient content and uptake of close-spaced Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 18: 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magid J, Tiessen H, Condron LM. 1996. Dynamics of organic phosphorus in soils under natural and agricultural ecosystems. In: A. Piccolo (ed), Humic Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems., Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 429–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manley B, Maclaren P. 2009. Modelling the impact of carbon trading legislation on New Zealand’s plantation estate. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 54: 39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason EG, Milne PG. 1999. Effects of weed control, fertilization, and soil cultivation on the growth of Pinus radiata at midrotation in Canterbury, New Zealand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29: 985–992.

    Google Scholar 

  • May B, Carlyle C, Lowther R, Keeley P, Bernie C. Michael M. 2009. A decision support system for maximising profit from nutrient management of mid-rotation radiata pine. Project PNO: 03.3907. Melbourne, Australia: Forest and Wood Products Australia Limited, p.165.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGill WB, Cole CV. 1981. Comparative aspects of cycling of organic C, N, S, and P through soil organic matter. Geoderma, 26: 267–286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mead DJ, Gadgil RL. 1978. Fertiliser use in established radiata pine stands in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 8: 105–134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mead DJ. 2005a. Opportunities for increasing plantation productivity. How much? How quickly? How realistic? Biomass and Bioenergy, 28: 249–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead DJ. 2005b. Fertilising. In: M. Colley (ed), NZIF forestry handbook. Christchurch, New Zealand: New Zealand Institute of Forestry, pp.110–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead DJ. 2010. Results of 16 years of study in a temperate silvopastoral experiment with Pinus radiata in New Zealand. In: L.R. Kellimore (ed), Handbook on agroforestry: management practices and environmental impact. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 225–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AD. 2000. Magnesium fertiliser effects on forest soils under Pinus radiata. PhD Thesis, Massey University. New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JAW, Bending GD, White PJ. 2005. Biological costs and benefits to plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56: 1729–1739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nambiar EKS, Zed PG. 1980. Influence of weeds on the water potential, nutrient content and growth of young radiata pine. Australian Forestry Research, 10: 279–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norrish K, Rosser H. 1983. Mineral Phosphate. In: J.J. Lenaghan and G. Katsantoni (eds), Soils: an Australian Viewpoint. Melbourne: Division of Soils, CSIRO / London: Academic Press, pp. 335–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell AM, Grove TS. 1996. Biomass production, nutrient uptake and nutrient cycling in the Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginate) and Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests of South-western Australia. In: P. M. Attiwill and M. A. Adams (eds), Nutrition of Eucalyptus. Australia: CSIRO, pp. 155–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouro G, Pérez-Batallón P, Merino A. 2001. Effects of sylvicultural practices on nutrient status in a Pinus radiata plantation: Nutrient export by tree removal and nutrient dynamics in decomposing logging residues. Annals of Forest Science, 58: 411–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt RL, Tate KR, Yeates GW, Beets PN. 1994. Phosphorus cycling in a sandy podsol under Pinus radiata. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Sci ence, 24: 253–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payn TW, Skinner MF, Clinton PW. 1998. Future nutrient requirements of New Zealand plantation forests. In: L.D. Currie and P. Loganathan (eds), Long-term Nutrient Needs for New Zealand’s Primary Industries. Occasional report No. 11. New Zealand: Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre, Massey University, pp. 97–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payn TW, Skinner MF, Hill RB, Thorn AJ, Scott J, Downs S, Chapman H. 2000. Scaling up or scaling down: the use of foliage and soil information for optimising the phosphate nutrition of radiata pine. Forest Ecology and Management, 138: 79–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radersma S, Grierson PF. 2004. Phosphorus mobilization in agroforestry: Organic anions, phosphatase activity and phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 259: 209–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson B, Vanner A, Davenhill N, Balneaves J, Miller K, Ray J. 1993. Interspecific competition between Pinus radiata and some common weed species — first-year results. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 23(2): 179–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson B, Vanner A, Ray J, Davenhill N, Coker G. 1996. Mechanisms of Pinus radiata growth suppression by some common forest weed species. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 26(3): 421–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson B, Watt MS, Mason EG, Kriticos DJ. 2006. Advances in modeling and decision support systems for vegetation management in young forest plantations. Forestry, 79: 29–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivaie AA. 2004. Understory Effects on Phosphorus Fertiliser Response of Second-Rotation Pinus radiata. PhD Thesis. Massey University, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivaie AA, Tillman RW. 2009. Growth Response of Second-rotation Pinus radiata on an Orthic Allophanic soil to P Fertiliser and Weed Control. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science, 24(4): 243–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivaie AA, Loganathan P. 2010. Phosphorus fertiliser source and weed control effects on growth of 3-year-old second-rotation Pinus radiata on Orthic Pumice Soil in New Zealand. Southern Forest: a Journal of Forest Science, 72(2): 75–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivaie AA, Tillman RW. 2010. Phosphorus fertiliser induced changes in the soil plant-available P, the P nutrition and the growth of Pinus radiata seedlings grown in association with understory. Journal of Forestry Research, 21(2): 129–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivaie AA. 2011. Growth response of broom (Cytisus scoparius) growing with and without radiate pinne (Pinus radiate) seedlings to different P levels in soil. Journal of Forestry Research, 22(4): 597–602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romanyà J, Vallejo VR. 2004. Productivity of Pinus radiata plantations in Spain in response to climate and soil. Forest Ecology and Management, 195: 177–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubilar R, Blevins L, Toro J, Vita A, Muñoz F. 2008. Early response of Pinus radiata plantations to weed control and fertilization on metamorphic soils of the Coastal Range, Maule Region, Chile. Bosque, 29: 74–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salam AK, Afandi, Sriyani N, Kimura M. 2001. Soil enzymatic activities in a hilly coffee plantation in Lampung Province, South Sumatra, Indonesia, under plant cover management. Soil Scince and Plant Nutrition, 45: 695–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarno, Lumbanraja J, Afandi, Adachi T, Oki Y, Senge M, Watanabe A. 2004. Effect of weed management in coffee plantation on soil chemical properties. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 69: 1–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JT, Condron LM. 2004. Short term effects of radiata pine and selected pasture species on soil organic phosphorus mineralisation. Plant and Soil, 266: 153–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JT, Condron LM. 2010. Isotopic exchange kinetics of soil P under Pinus radiata and Lucerne Understory. In: Proceeding of 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane1–6 August 2010, Australia, pp. 129–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner MF, Lowe AT, Nicholson GM, Prince J. 1991. Availability of phosphorus in New Zealand forest soils. A new approach with the Bray reagent. In: R.E. White and L.D. Currie (eds), Soil and Plant Testing for Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities. Occasional report No. 5. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Fertiliser and Lime Research Centre, Massey University, pp. 143–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner MF, Payn TW. 1993. Nutritional requirements of plantation forests in New Zealand. In: Issues challenging the Fertiliser Industry. Proceedings of the New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Research Association 22nd Technical Conference, Dunedin 9–11 November 1993, pp. 130–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith CT, Lowe AT, Beets PN. 1994. Nutrient accumulation in second-rotation Pinus radiata after harvest residue management and fertilizer treatment of coastal sand dunes. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 24: 362–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon P. 2002. Growth of Pinus elliottii, P. pinaster and P. radiata on coastal dune soils near Jervis Bay, Australian Capital Territory. Australian Forestry, 66: 161–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syers JK, Evans TD, Williams JDH, Murdoch JT. 1971. Phosphate sorption parameters of representative soils from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Soil Science, 112: 267–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tappeiner JC, Alm AA. 1975. Undergrowth vegetation effects on the nutrient content of litterfall and soils in red pine and birch stands in Northern Minnesota. Ecology, 56: 1193–1200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarafdar JC, Claassen N. 1988. Organic phosphorus compounds as a phosphorus source for higher plants through the activity of phosphatase produced by plant roots and microorganisms. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 5: 308–312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiessen H, Stewart JWB, Moir JO. 1983. Changes in organic and inorganic phosphorus composition of two grassland soils and their particle size fractions during 60–70 years of cultivation. Journal of Soil Science, 34: 815–823.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toal ME, Yeomans C, Killham K, Meharg AA. 2000. A review of rhizosphere carbon flow modelling. Plant and Soil, 222: 263–281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trolove SN, Hedley MJ, Kirk GJD, Bolan NS, Loganathan P. 2003. Progress in selected areas of rhizosphere research on P acquisition. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41: 471–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner J, Lambert MJ. 1985. Soil phosphorus forms and related tree growth in a long term Pinus radiata phosphate fertiliser trial. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 16: 275–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner J, Lambert MJ. 1986. Effects of forest harvesting nutrient removals on soil nutrient reserves. Oecologia, 70: 140–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vance CP, Uhde-stone C, Allan DL. 2003. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations for securing a non renewable resource. New Phytologist, 157: 423–447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner RG, Little KM, Richardson B, McNabb K. 2006. The role of vegetation management for enhancing productivity of the world’s forest. Forestry, 79: 57–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker TW, Syers JK. 1976. The fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis. Geoderma, 15: 1–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watt MS, Whitehead D, Mason EG, Richardson B, Kimberley MO. 2003a. The influence of weed competition for light and water on growth and dry matter partitioning of young Pinus radiata, at a dryland site. Forest Ecology and Management, 183: 363–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt MS, Clinton PW, Whitehead D, Richardson B, Mason EG, Leckie AC. 2003b. Above-ground biomass accumulation and nitrogen fixation of broom (Cytisus scoparius L.) growing with juvenile Pinus radiata on a dryland site. Forest Ecology and Management, 184: 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt MS, Clinton PC, Parfitt RL, Ross C, Coker G. 2009. Modelling the influence of site and weed competition on juvenile modulus of elasticity in Pinus radiata across broad environmental gradients. Forest Ecology and Management, 258: 1479–1488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt M, Palmer DJ, Kimberley MO, Hock BK, Payn TW, Lowe DJ. 2010. Development of models to predict Pinus radiata productivity throughout New Zealand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 40: 488–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber B, Madgwick HAI. 1983. Biomass and nutrient content of a 29-year-old Pinus radiata stand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 13: 222–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Will GM. 1959. Nutrient return in litter and rainfall under some exotic conifer stands in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 719–734.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Will GM. 1968. The uptake, cycling and removal of mineral nutrients by crops of Pinus radiata. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 15: 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zabowski D, Skinner MF, Payn TW. 2007. Nutrient release by weathering: implications for sustainable harvesting of Pinus radiata in New Zealand soils. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 37(3): 336–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zas R, Serrada R. 2003. Foliar nutrient status and nutritional relationships of young Pinus radiata D. Don plantations in northwest Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 174: 167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Shen J, Li L, Liu X. 2004. An overview of rhizosphere processes related with plant nutrition in major cropping systems in China. Plant and Soil, 260: 89–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou X, Binkley D, Caldwell BA. 1995. Effects of dinitrogen-fixing trees on phosphorus biogeochemical cycling in contrasting forests. Soil Science of American Journal, 59: 1452–1458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil and Earth Sciences Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand

    A. Arivin Rivaie

Authors
  1. A. Arivin Rivaie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Arivin Rivaie.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Arivin Rivaie, A. The effects of understory vegetation on P availability in Pinus radiata forest stands: A review. Journal of Forestry Research 25, 489–500 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0488-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0488-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation