Abstract
This paper reviewed a large scale conservation work of rare and endangered plants currently conducted in main botanical gardens in China, and the existed, predictable and neglected problems on plant growth and reproduction in ex-situ conservation process. Considered the status quo in plant ex conservation, a nutritional strategy on the plant conservation was proposed based on ‘Ecological Similarity’. Its main idea was that the ex-situ conservation plants coming from natural ecosystem were compulsively allocated in the agro-ecosystems and would return to natural ecosystem ultimately. Therefore, research on plant nutrition of the ex-situ conservation plants should neither just pursue yield and quality as that in agro-ecosystems nor merely stay on intrinsic natures without human intervening. We should give attentions to both of their attributes as in natural ecosystems and in agro-ecosystems, i.e., taking full advantage of plant nutritional measures as in agro-ecosystems to solve actual survival problems of the ex-conservation plants, and ensuring the final goal of returning to nature and playing its ecological role.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams MB, Allen HL. 1985. Nutrient proportions in foliage of semi-mature loblolly pine. Plant Soil, 86(1): 27–34.
Agrawal AA. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species. Science, 294(5541): 321–326.
Altmoos M. 1999. Systeme von Vorranggebieten für den Tierarten-, Biotopund Prozess-chutz: Auswahlmethoden für Zielarten am Beispiel der Bergbaufolgelandschaft im Südraum Leipzig. UFZ-Berichte 18/1999:1–252.
Bashkin M, Stohlgren TJ, Otsuki Y, Lee M, Evangelista P, Belnap J. 2003. Soil characteristics and plant exotic species invasions in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA. Applied Soil Ecology, 22(1): 67–77.
BGCI. 2003. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. http://www.bgci.org.uk/conserv-ation/strategy.html, uploaded on Oct. 08, 2005.
Chen Shusen, Ye Qigang, Wang Chang, Wang Shiyun. 1999. Conservation and present status of the rare and endangered plants in the field gene bank of Wuhan botanical garden. Plant introduction and acclimation, 12: 16–28. (in Chinese)
Coates DJ, Hamley VL. 1999. Genetic divergence and the mating system in the endangered and geographically restricted species, Lambertia orbifolia Gardner (Proteaceae). Heredity, 83(4): 418–427.
Collins BS, Sharitz RR, Coughlin DP. 2005. Elemental composition of native wetland plants in constructed mesocosm treatment wetlands. Bioresource Techno, 96(8): 937–948.
Epstein E. 2004. Plant biologists need to get back to their roots. Nature, 430(7002): 829.
Fernandez J, Caballero A. 2001 Accumulation of deleterious mutations and equalization of parental contributions in the conservation of genetic resources. Heredity, 86(4): 480–488.
Fleishman E, Launer AE, Switky KR, Yandell U, Heywood J, Murphy DD. 2001. Rules and exceptions in conservation genetics: genetic assessment of the endangered plant Cordylanthus palmatus and its implications for management planning. Biology Conservation, 98(1): 45–53.
Ford-Lloyd B, Maxted N. 1993. Preserving diversity. Nature, 361(6413): 579.
Fu Liguo, Jin Jianming. 1992. The Red Data Book of China’s Plants: Rare and Endangered Species. Beijing: Science Press, p 23–109. (in Chinese)
Gemmill CEC, Ranker TA, Ragone D, Perlman SP, Wood KR. 1998. Conservation genetics of the endangered endemic Hawaiian genus Brighamia (Campanulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 85(4): 528–539.
Glimskar A, Ericsson T. 1999. Relative nitrogen limitation at steady-state nutrition as a determinant of plasticity in five grassland plant species. Annals of Botany, 84(4): 413–420.
Goddard R, Zobel B, Hollisc G. 1975. Response of southern pines to varied nutrition. In: Cannell MGR, Last FT (eds.), Tree Physiology and Yield Improvement. NewYork: Academic Press, pp. 449–462.
González-Pérez MA, Caujapé-Castells J, Sosa PA. 2004. Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae), implications for conservation. Heredity, 93(3): 307–315.
Henry G. 1999. The challenge of conservation. Nature, 402(6761): C17.
Hou XY. 1982. Biogeography and the dominant bio-chemical elements of China. Beijing: China Science Press, 333p.(in Chinese).
Huang HW, Han XG, Kang L, Raven P, Jackson PW, Chen YY. 2002. Conserving native plants in China. Science, 297(5583): 935–936.
Huang Shixun, Li Ruitang, Luo Wenhua, Zhou Taijiu, Tang Wenxiu, Wang Yan. 2001. Variation in characteristic of rare and threatened plants after ex-situ conservation. Biodiversity Science, 9(4): 359–365. (in Chinese)
Jin Zexin, Li Junmin. 2005. Analysis of the genetic diversity of Hepatacod iummiconioides at different altitude in Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang Province and its relationship with environmental factors. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 32(4): 452–458.(in Chinese)
Korning J, Thomsen K, Dalsgaard K, Nørnberg P. 1994. Characters of three Udults and their relevance to the composition and structure of virgin rain forest of Amazonian Ecuador. Geoderma, 63(2): 145–164.
Kruckeberg AR, Rabinowitz D. 1985. Biological aspects of endemism in higher plant. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 16: 447–479.
Liang Qibiao, Li Ruitang, Tang Runqin, Ning Shijiang, Zhao Tianlin, Mo Quanhui. 1998. Preliminary analysis on the element background values of rare aed endangered plants in Mulun forest area. Guihaia, 18(3): 229–236.(in Chinese)
Li Qiaoming, Xu Zaifu, He Tianhua. 2002. Ex situ genetic conservation of endangered Vatica guangxiensis (Dipterocarpaceae) in China. Biological Conservation, 106(2): 151–156.
Linhart YB, Grant MC. 1996. Evolutionary significance of local genetic differentiation in plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27: 237–277.
Liu Peng, Xu Gendi, Fang Xingfeng. 2001. Effect of Mo or/and Mn on cutting reproduction of Heptacod mincomiooides Rehe. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 24(2): 181–183.(in Chinese)
Liu Peng, Xu Gendi, Zhou Li, Jin Jingfang. 1999. Studies on the principal and chemical properties of Heptacodium Minconioides soil in Beishan of Zhejiang. Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition), 22(1): 67–71.(in Chinese)
López-Mosquera ME, Moirón C, Carral E. 2000. Use of dairy-industry sludge as fertilizer for grasslands in northwest Spain: heavy metal levels in the soil and plants. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 30(2): 95–109.
Loveless AR. 1961. A nutritional interpretation of sclerophylly based on differences in the chemical composition of sclerophyllous and mesophytic leaves. Annals of Botany, 25(2): 168–184.
Lozano FD, Saiz JCM, Ollero HS. 2003. Rarity and threat relationships in the conservation planning of Iberian flora. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12(9): 1861–1882.
Mankovska B, Godzik B, Badea O, Shparyk Y, Moravcik P. 2004. Chemical and morphological characteristics of key tree species of the Carpathian Mountains. Environmental Pollution, 130(1): 41–54.
Margules CR, Cresswell ID, Nicholls AO. 1994. A scientific basis for establishing networks of protected areas. pp. 327–350. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Vane-Wright RI. (eds.), Systematics and Conservation Evaluation. Systematic Association Special Volume 50. Oxford: Clarendon Press,.
Margules CR, Pressey L. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405: 243–253.
Mariette S, Chagne D, Lezier C, Pastuszka P, Raffin A, Plomion C, Kremer A. 2001. Genetic diversity within and among Pinus pinaster populations, comparison between AFLP and microsatellite markers. Heredity, 86(4): 469–479.
Mattner J, Zawko G, Rossetto M, Krauss SL, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K. 2002. Conservation genetics and implications for restoration of Hemigenia exilis (Lamiacee), a serpentine endemic from Western Australia. Biological conservation, 107(1): 37–45.
Miyamoto N, Kuramoto N, Yamada H. 2002. Differences in spatial autocorrelation between four sub-populations of Alnus trabeculosa Hand.-Mazz. (Betulaceae). Heredity, 89(4): 273–279.
Miyamoto N, Karamoto N, Takahashi M. 2003. Ecological and genetic effects of cutting in an Alnus trabeculosa Hand.-Mazz. (Betulaceae) population. Heredity, 91(3): 331–336.
Moore PD. 1984. Working plants for the ecologist. Nature, 307: 298–299.
Moore PD. 2002. Biogeography, Springboards for springtails. Nature, 18: 381.
Murray BR, Thrall PH, Gill AM, Nicotra AB. 2002. How plant life-history and ecological traits relate to species rarity and commonness at varying spatial scales. Austral ecology, 27(3): 291–310.
Navarro L, Guitian J. 2002. The role of floral biology and breeding system on the reproductive success of the narrow endemic Petrocoptis viscosa Rothm (Caryophyllaceae). Biological conservation, 103(2): 125–132.
Niinemets Ü, Portsmuth A, Truus L. 2002. Leaf structure and photosynthetic characteristics, and biomass allocation to foliage in relation to foliar nitrogen content and tree size in three Betula species. Annals of Botany, 89(2): 191–204.
Niinemets Ü, Kull K. 2003 Leaf structure vs. nutrient relationships vary with soil conditions in temperate shrubs and trees. Acta Oecologica, 24(4): 209–219.
Olness AE, Gesch RW, Forcella F, Archer DW, Rinke JL. 2005. Importance of vanadium and nutrient ionic ratios on the development of hydroponically grown cuphea. Industrial Crops and Products, 21(2): 165–171.
Pärtel M, Kalamees R, Reier Ü, Tuvi EL, Roosaluste E, Vellak A, Zobel M. 2005. Grouping and prioritization of vascular plant species for conservation: combining natural rarity and management need. Biological Conservation, 123(3): 271–278.
Reich PB, Walters MB. 1994. Photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in Amazonian tree species. II. Variation in nitrogen vis-à-vis specific leaf area influences mass-and area-based expressions. Oecologia, 97(1): 73–81.
Reid WV, Miller KR. 1989. Keeping options alive: the scientific basis for conserving biodiversity. Washington, D.C: World Resources Institutes. 15–22p
Richards AE, Shapcott A, Playford J, Morrison B, Critchley C, Schmidt S. 2003. Physiological profiles of restricted endemic plants and their widespread congenors in the North Queensland wet tropics, Australia. Biological Conservation, 111(1): 41–52.
Ricklefs RE, Matthew KK. 1982. Chemical characteristics of the foliage of some deciduous trees in southeastern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60(10): 2037–2045.
Rinaldo A, Dietrich WE, Rigon R, Vogel G, Rodriguez-Iturbe I. 1995. Geomorphological signatures of varying climate. Nature, 374: 632–635.
Rode MW. 1993. Leaf-nutrient accumulation and turnover at three stages of succession from heathland to forest. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4(2): 263–268.
Rottenberg A, Parker JS. 2003. Conservation of the critically endangered Rumex rothschildianus as implied from AFLP diversity. Biological Conservation, 114(2): 299–303.
Seyed AR, Gilkes RJ. 2005. The effects of landscape attributes and plant community on soil chemical properties in rangelands. Geoderma, 125(1–2): 167–176.
Simon J, Bosch M, Molero J, Blanche C. 2001. Conservation biology of the Pyrenean larkspur (Delphinium montanum): a case of conflict of plant versus animal conservation? Biological Conservation, 98(3): 305–314.
Soulé ME, Orians GH. 2001. Conservation Biology Research Priorities for the Next Decade. Washington, D.C: Island Press. 28–44p
Stevanovié V, Tan K, Iatrou G. 2003. Distribution of the endemic Balkan flora on serpentine I.-obligate serpentine endemics. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 242(1–4):149–170.
Stewart WM, Dibb DW, Johnston AE, Smyth JT. 2005. The contribution of commercial fertilizer nutrients to food production. Agronomy Journal, 97(1): 1–6.
Sutherland WJ, Pullin AS, Dolman PM, Knight TM. 2004. The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(6): 305–308.
Tagliavini J, Williot P, Congiu L, Chicca M, Lanfredi M, Rossi R, Fontana F. 1999. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the karyotype of the European Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio. Heredity, 83(5): 520–525.
Tyler G. 1996. Mineral nutrient limitations of calcifuge plants in phosphate sufficient limestone soil. Annals of Botany, 77(6): 649–656.
Van DR, Marrs RH. 2003. Restoring plant communities-Introduction. Applied Vegetation Science, 6(2): 106–110.
Van RF, Bonnin I, Fenart S, Pauwels M, Petit D, Saumitou-Laprade P. 2004. Spatial genetic structure within a metallicolous population of Arabidopsis halleri, a clonal, self-incompatible and heavy-metal-tolerant species. Molecular Ecology, 13(10): 2959–2967.
Wan Kaiyuan, Chen Fang, Li Zuozhou, Gu Qi, Wu Caiyun, Yu, Changbing. 2004. The nutrition condition of endangered mechanism and conservation strategy of rare plants. Ecology and Environment, 13(2): 261–267. (in Chinese)
Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M. 2001. Strategy shifts in leaf physiology, structure and nutrient content between species of high-and low-rainfall and high-and low-nutrient habitats. Functional Ecology, 15(4): 423–434.
Xu Zaifu. 1998. Principle and methodology of ex situ conservation for rare and endangered plants. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press, 46–81p. (in Chinese).
Yamasaki SH, Fyles JW, Egger KN, Titus BD. 1998. The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on the growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce. Forest Ecology and Management, 105(1–3): 197–207.
Younge A, Fowkes S. 2003. The cape action plan for the environment: overview of an eco-regional planning process. Biological Conservation, 112(1): 15–28.
Zhi Yingbiao, Yang Chi, Yao Yiping, Gao Tianyun, Huang Jie. 2004. Characteristics analysis of micro-element contents in western Erdos soil and in Tetraena mongolica plant. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 15(3), 396–400. (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Project Foundation: The work was supported by National Key Technology R & D Program, China (2008BADA4B08, 2007BAD87B09), and the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI-Hubei 200501).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wan, Ky., Chen, F., Tao, Y. et al. A plant nutrition strategy for ex-situ conservation based on “Ecological Similarity”. Journal of Forestry Research 19, 329–334 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-008-0060-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-008-0060-1