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Efficiency of Pulsed Detonation Thermal Spraying

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Abstract

Pulsed detonation thermal spray coating is used to enhance the material properties at the surface of an object. The present research implements computational fluid dynamic modeling to identify the efficiency of energy and mass delivered to potential target locations. Six cases of a hydrogen-air mixture are used to investigate the gas flow from the instant of ignition to the instant of flow reversal at the tube exit. Flow monitors are included in the model to represent potential target locations. These monitors are placed at different axial locations in order to record mass flow rate and the flow rate of enthalpy over time. The results indicate that there exists a quasi-steady jet that is efficient and predictable in delivery of energy and mass from the tube exit to potential target locations positioned on the centerline. The duration of the quasi-steady jet is dependent on the fraction of combustible gas (i.e., % fill). Much of the initial energy and mass delivered from the jet avoids the flow monitors. This is found to be related to the evolution of the jet behind the blast wave where energy is lost in expansion and vorticity production. It is also found that nearly 11-18% of the available energy and 20-23% of the available mass remains in the tube after flow reversal.

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Abbreviations

a :

speed of sound (m/s)

A f :

pre-exponential factor (m3/kmol s) used in the Arrhenius expression

D :

tube diameter (m)

e :

specific internal energy (J/kg) (thermal or sensible only)

E :

activation energy (J/kmol) used in the Arrhenius expression

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{F}(\ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{U}) \) :

flux vector in the axial direction

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{G}(\ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{U}) \) :

flux vector in the radial direction

\( h^{{\text{o}}}_{{\text{f,i}}} \) :

enthalpy of formation of species i at standard state (1atm, 298.15k) (J/kmol)

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{H} \) :

flow rate of sensible enthalpy (kJ/s)

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{J}(\ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{U}) \) :

source vector

k f :

forward reaction rate

k b :

backward reaction rate

K(T)eq :

equilibrium constant

L :

tube length (m)

m :

mass (kg); with overdot signifies per unit time

M w,i :

molecular weight of species i (kg/kmol)

p :

pressure (Pa)

r :

tube radius (m) or position or displacement in radial direction of cylindrical coordinate system (m)

R U :

universal gas constant (J/kg·K)

t :

time from an initial event or time from blast exiting the tube (s)

T :

temperature (K)

u :

velocity component in the axial direction (m/s)

v x :

velocity in the axial direction, cylindrical coordinates (m/s)

v r :

velocity in the radial direction, cylindrical coordinates (m/s)

V :

velocity (m/s)

Y i :

mass fraction of species i

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\vec\else\expandafter\vec\fi{U} \) :

solution vector

x :

position or displacement in axial direction of cylindrical coordinate system (m)

β:

temperature exponent in the Arrhenius expression

ρ:

density (kg/m3)

\( \ifmmode\expandafter\dot\else\expandafter\.\fi{\upomega }_{i} \) :

rate of production (or destruction) of the species i (kmol/s m3)

Δ:

difference between final and initial states

1:

state ahead of disturbance, downstream or low pressure region in shock tube

4:

high pressure region in shock tube

e:

exit

o :

standard state (1 atm)

i :

species, or inlet

atm:

atmosphere

AUSM+:

Advection Upstream Splitting Method

CJ:

Chapman-Jouguet

CFD:

computational fluid dynamics

CFL:

the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy stability condition

D1:

exterior flow monitor x = 1D from tube exit, centered on the centerline

D2:

exterior flow monitor x = 2D from tube exit, centered on the centerline

D3:

exterior flow monitor x = 3D from tube exit, centered on the centerline

TVD:

total variation diminishing, referring to a numerical method in CFD

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Jacob E. Cannon & P. Barry Butler

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

    Mohammad Alkam

Authors
  1. Jacob E. Cannon
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  2. Mohammad Alkam
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  3. P. Barry Butler
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Correspondence to P. Barry Butler.

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Cannon, J.E., Alkam, M. & Butler, P.B. Efficiency of Pulsed Detonation Thermal Spraying. J Therm Spray Tech 17, 456–464 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9202-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-008-9202-4

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