Abstract
At room temperature, the cyclic softening/hardening characteristics and ratchetting behaviors of axle steel EA4T were experimentally observed by considering uniaxial and non-proportional multiaxial cyclic loading paths. The effects of loading conditions and loading paths on low-cycle fatigue behaviors were discussed. The experimental results are obtained as follows: Firstly, under strain controlled monotonic tension, the yield strength of axle steel EA4T depends on the loading strain rate (rate-dependent). Secondly, under symmetrical strain controlled cyclic load, axle steel EA4T shows cyclic softening characteristics, and the cyclic softening characteristics depend on strain amplitude, strain rate and non-proportional multiaxial cyclic strain loading paths. Finally, under asymmetric stress controlled cyclic load, the ratchetting behaviors of axle steel EA4T is greatly dependent on the stress level, stress rate and multiaxial stress loading paths.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.K. Paul, S. Sivaprasad, S. Dhar et al., Key Issues in Cyclic Plastic Deformation: Experimentation, Mech. Mater., 2011, 43(11), p 705–720.
S.K. Paul, A Critical Review of Experimental Aspects in Ratcheting Fatigue: Microstructure to Specimen to Component, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2019, 8(5), p 4894–4914.
M. Ruggles and E. Krempl, Rate Dependence of Ratchetting of AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel at Room Temperature, Report, 1987, 2050, p 87–41.
M.D. Ruggles and E. Krempl, The Influence of Test Temperature on the Ratcheting Behavior of Type SS304 Stainless Steel, ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1989, 111(4), p 378–383.
M.D. Ruggles and E. Krempl, The Interaction of Cyclic Hardening and Ratcheting for AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel at Room Temperature: I. Experiments, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1990, 38(4), p 575–585.
F. Yoshida, J. Kondo, and Y. Kikuchi, Visco-Plastic Behavior of Stainless-Steel SUS 304 Under Cyclic Loading at Room Temperature, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. A, 1988, 54(501), p 1151–1157.
J.L. Chaboche and D. Nouailhas, Constitutive Modeling of Ratchetting Effects—Part I: Experimental Facts and Properties of the Classical Models, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 1989, 111(4), p 384–392.
P. Delobelle, Synthesis of the Elastoviscoplastic Behavior and Modelization of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Over a Large Temperature Range, under Uniaxial and Biaxial Loading: Part I, Behav. Int. J. Plast., 1993, 9(1), p 65–85.
P. Delobelle, P. Robinet, and L. Bocher, Experimental Study and Phenomenological Modelization of Ratchet under Uniaxial and Biaxial Loading on an Austenitic Stainless Steel, Int. J. Plast., 1995, 11(4), p 295–330.
T. Hassan and S. Kyriakides, Ratcheting of Cyclically Hardening and Softening Materials: I. Uniaxial Behavior, Int. J. Plast., 1994, 10(2), p 149–184.
T. Hassan and S. Kyriakides, Ratcheting of Cyclically Hardening and Softening Materials: II. Multiaxial Behavior, Int. J. Plast., 1994, 10(2), p 185–212.
Y.Y. Jiang and H. Sehitoglu, Cyclic Ratehetting of 1070 Steel Under Multiple Stress State, Int. J. Plast., 1994, 10(5), p 579–608.
Y.Y. Jiang and H. Sehitoglu, Multiaxial Cyclic Ratcheting under Multiple Steps Loading, Int. J. Plast., 1994, 10(5), p 849–870.
D.L. McDowell, Stress State Dependence of Cyclic Ratcheting Behavior of Two Rail Steels, Int. J. Plast., 1995, 11(4), p 397–421.
X.J. Yang, Q. Gao, L.X. Cai et al., An Experimental Study on the Ratchetting Behavior of Pure Aluminium under Uniaxial Cyclic Stressing, Acta. Mech. Solida Sinica, 1998, 19(2), p 133–138.
X.J. Yang, G.Z. Kang, Q. Gao et al., On Cyclic Strain Behavior and Ratchetting of 304 Stainless Steel under Uniaxial Loading at High Temperature, Acta. Metal. Sinica, 1999, 35(7), p 698–702.
M. Mizuno, Y. Mima, M. Abdel-Karim et al., Uniaxial Ratchetting of 316FR Steel at Room Temperature—Part I: Experiments, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 2000, 122(1), p 29–34.
G.Z. Kang, Q. Gao, X.J. Yang et al., Experimental Study under Uniaxial Cyclic Behavior at Room and High Temperature of 316L Stainless Steel, Nucl. Power Eng., 2001, 22(3), p 252–258.
G.Z. Kang and Q. Gao, Ratchetting of Cyclically Stable Materials: I. Experiments and a Visco-Plastic Constitutive Model, Eng. Mech., 2005, 22(2), p 206–211. (in Chinese)
G.Z. Kang, Y.F. Sun, J. Zhang et al., Time Dependent Ratchetting Behavior of SS304 Stainless Steel under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading at Room Temperature, Acta. Metal. Sinica, 2005, 41(3), p 277–281. (in Chinese)
G.Z. Kang, Q. Gao, and L.X. Cai, Experimental Study on Uniaxial and Multiaxial Strain Cyclic Characteristics and Ratcheting of 316L Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2001, 17(2), p 219–223.
G.Z. Kang, Q. Gao, and X.J. Yang, Experimental Study on the Cyclic Deformation and Plastic Flow of U71Mn Rail Steel, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2002, 44(8), p 1647–1663.
G.Z. Kang, Y.G. Li, J. Zhang et al., Uniaxial Ratcheting and Failure Behaviors of Two Steels, Theoret. Appl. Fract. Mech., 2005, 43(2), p 199–209.
G.Z. Kang, Y.G. Li, Q. Gao et al., Uniaxial Ratchetting in Steels with Different Cyclic Softening/Hardening Behaviours, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2006, 29(2), p 93–103.
G.Z. Kang, Q.H. Kan, J. Zhang et al., Time-Dependent Ratchetting Experiments of SS304 Stainless Steel, Int. J. Plast., 2006, 22(5), p 858–894.
G.Z. Kang, Y.W. Dong, Y.J. Liu et al., Macroscopic and Microscopic Investigations on Uniaxial Ratchetting of Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Mater Charact, 2014, 92, p 26–35.
G.Z. Kang, Y.J. Liu, and J. Ding, Multiaxial Ratchetting-Fatigue Interactions of Annealed and Tempered 42CrMo Steels: Experimental Observations, Int. J. Fatigue, 2008, 30, p 2104–2118.
Z. Shi, Q. Gao, G.Z. Kang et al., Uniaxial Time Dependent Ratchetting Behaviors of 1Cr18Ni9 Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures, Eng. Mech., 2007, 24(9), p 159–165.
Y.J. Liu, G.Z. Kang, Q. Gao et al., Experimental Studies on Axial Time Dependent Cyclic Deformations of Cyclic Softening Material at Room Temperature, Eng. Mech., 2008, 25(3), p 68–79.
J. Ding, G.Z. Kang, Y.J. Liu et al., Uniaxial Cyclic Deformation of LY12CZ Aluminum Alloy and Its Time-dependence, Acta. Aeronaut. Astronaut. Sinica., 2008, 29(01), p 70–74. (in Chinese)
Y. Guo, G.Z. Kang, Y.J. Liu et al., Experimental Study on Uniaxial Ratchetting of LZ50 Steel under True Stress Controlled Cyclic Loading, Eng. Mech., 2010, 27(9), p 216–220.
B. Qiu, Q.H. Kan, Y.J. Liu et al., Experiment and Simulation on the Biaxial Compression Torsion Ratchetting Behavior of High Strength Rail Steel, Eng. Mech., 2015, 32(7), p 229–235.
L. Hang, G. Kang, Y.J. Liu et al., Non-Proportionally Multiaxial Cyclic Deformation of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: Experimental Observations, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 671, p 70–81.
S.K. Paul, S. Sivaprasad, S. Dhar, and S. Tarafder, True Stress Control Asymmetric Cyclic Plastic Behavior in SA333 C-Mn Steel, Int. J. Press. Vessel. Piping., 2010, 87(8), p 440–446.
S.K. Paul, S. Sivaprasad, S. Dhar et al., Cyclic Plastic Deformation and Damage in 304LN Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(15), p 4873–4882.
S.K. Paul, S. Sivaprasad, S. Dhar, S. Tarafder et al., Cyclic Plastic Deformation Behavior in SA333 Gr. 6 C-Mn Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, 528(24), p 7341–7349.
S.K. Paul, S. Sivaprasad, S. Dhar et al., Ratcheting and Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of SA333 Steel and Their Life Prediction, J. Nucl. Mater., 2010, 401(1), p 17–24.
S.K. Paul, Effect of Forming Strain on Low Cycle, High Cycle and Notch Fatigue Performance of Automotive Grade Dual Phase Steels: A Review, Forces Mech., 2023, 11, 100184.
B. Das, A. Singh, and S.K. Paul, Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of DP600 Steel under Various Pre-Straining Paths, Int. J. Fatigue, 2020, 132, 105331.
P. Ghosal, A. Raj, and S.K. Paul, Influence of Uniaxial and Biaxial Pre-Straining on the Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of DP590 Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2021, 149, 106260.
S.K. Paul, N. Stanford, A. Taylor et al., The Effect of Low Cycle Fatigue, Ratcheting and Mean Stress Relaxation on Stress–Strain Response and Microstructural Development in a Dual Phase Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2015, 80, p 341–348.
W.J. Zhao, S.P. Yang, G.L. Wen et al., Fractional-Order Visco-Plastic Constitutive Model for Uniaxial Ratcheting Behaviors, Appl. Math. Mech., 2019, 40(1), p 49–62.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, SectionIII, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1995.
R5, Assessment Procedure for the High Temperature Response of Structures, Vol.2, Nuclear Electric Ltd, 2012
EN 133445-3, Unfired Pressure Vessels-part 3: Design, Annex C: Method Based on Stress Categories, 2009
G. Kang and Q. Kan, Cyclic Plasticity of Engineering Materials: Experiments and Models, Wiley, London, 2017, p 7–10
G.Z. Kang and Y.J. Liu, Uniaxial Ratchetting and Low-Cycle Fatigue Failure of the Steel with Cyclic Stabilizing or Softening Feature, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 2008(472), p 258–268.
S.K. Paul, N. Stanford, A. Taylor et al., The Effect of Low Cycle Fatigue, Ratcheting and Mean Stress Relaxation on Stress–Strain Response and Microstructural Development in a Dual Phase Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2015, 2015(80), p 341–348.
G.Z. Kang, Y.G. Li, Q. Gao et al., Uniaxial Ratcheting Behaviors of the Steels with Different Cyclic Softening/Hardening Features, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 2006, 29(2), p 93–103.
X.H. Ren, W.J. Zhao, S.P. Yang et al., A Cyclic Constitutive Model Based on Crystal Plasticity for Body-Centered Cubic Cyclic Softening Metals, Acta Mech. Solida Sin., 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10338-023-00430-y
X.H. Ren, S.P. Yang, W.J. Zhao et al., Study on the Microscopic Mechanism of Axle Steel EA4T during Uniaxial Cyclic Deformation Process, Metals, 2023, 13(8), p 1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081379
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, W., Ren, X., Yang, S. et al. Strain Cyclic Characteristics and Ratchetting Behaviors of High-Speed Railway Train Axle Steel EA4T. J. of Materi Eng and Perform (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-09471-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-024-09471-x