Abstract
4043 Al-5Si alloy components were fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing based on cold metal transfer (WAAM-CMT). Three deposition strategies, i.e. the method of building the layers and tracks (Line 90°, Cycle line 90°, and Line 45°), were employed during the process, and their impact on the microstructure and tensile properties of the deposited Al-5Si alloy was evaluated. Results showed that the samples with different deposition strategies exhibited similar phase composition (α-Al, Si phase, and Al9Si phase), but various deposited layer size, grain size, and Si morphology owing to different deposition strategies. Recrystallization was observed in all deposition processes. The average micro-hardness was ~ 52.3 Hv, yield strength (YS) varied between 130 and 150 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) changed between 200 and 230 MPa and elongation (EL) ranged between 10 and 12%. Based on the fractographic analysis, the fracture mechanism was identified to be due to the presence of numbers of sharp-angled defects like cracks and chain-like micro-pores.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. Dursun and C. Soutis, Recent Developments in Advanced Aircraft Aluminium Alloys, Mater. Des, 2014, 56, p 862–871.
V. Sankar and S. Muthu, Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of AlSi7Mg, J. Appl. Sci., 2014, 14, p 811–816.
F. Trevisan, F. Calignano, M. Lorusso, J. Pakkanen, A. Aversa, E.P. Ambrosio, M. Lombardi, P. Fino and D. Manfredi, On the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of the AlSi10Mg Alloys Process, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties, Material, 2017, 10, p 76.
J. Li, X. Cheng, Z. Li, X. Zong, X.H. Chen, S.Q. Zhang and H.M. Wang, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Laser Additive Manufactured Al-5Si-1Cu-Mg Alloy with Different Layer Thicknesses, J. Alloys Compd, 2019, 789, p 15–24.
S.W. Williams, F. Martina, A.C. Addison, J. Ding, G. Pardal and P. Colegrove, Wire+ Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Tech-lond, 2016, 32, p 641–647.
X.Z. Chen, C.C. Su, Y.F. Wang, A.N. Siddiquee, S. Konovalov, S. Jayalakshmi and R.A. Singh, Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Based Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM) System, J. Surf. Invest. X-Ray. Synchrotron Neutron Tech, 2018, 12, p 1278–1284.
Q.F. Yang, C.J. Xia, Y.Q. Deng, X.F. Li and H.W. Wang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Cold Metal Transfer WAAM-CMT, Material, 2019, 12, p 2525.
A. Gomez Ortega, L. Corona Galvan, F. Deschaux-Beaume, B. Mezrag and S. Rouquette, Effect of Process Parameters on the Quality of Aluminium Alloy Al5Si Deposits in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Using a Cold Metal Transfer Process, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join, 2018, 23, p 316–332.
N.O. Larrosa, W. Wang, N. Read, M.H. Loretto, C. Evans, J. Carr, U. Tradowsky, M.M. Attallah and P.J. Withers, Linking Microstructure and Processing Defects to Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser Melted AlSi10Mg alloy, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech, 2018, 98, p 123–133.
C.C. Zhang, H.H. Zhu, Z.H. Hu, L. Zhang and X.Y. Zeng, A Comparative Study on Single-laser and Multi-laser Selective Laser Melting AlSi10Mg: Defects, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 746, p 416–423.
X. Liu, C.C. Zhao, X. Zhou, Z.J. Shen and W. Liu, Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted AlSi10Mg alloy, Mater. Des, 2019, 168, p 107677.
T. Kimura and T. Nakamoto, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of A356 (AlSi7Mg0.3) Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Des, 2016, 89, p 1294–1301.
J. Guan, Y. Jiang, X. Zhang, X.W. Zhang and X.Y. Chong, Microstructural Evolution and EBSD Analysis of AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Remelting, Mater. Charact., 2020, 12, p 110079.
K.G. Prashanth, S. Scudino and J. Eckert, Defining the Tensile Properties of Al-12Si Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting, Acta Mater, 2017, 126, p 25–35.
A.S. Haselhuhn, M.W. Buhr, B. Wijnen, P.G. Sanders and J.M. Pearce, Structure-property Relationships of Common Aluminum Weld Alloys Utilized as Feedstock for GMAW-Based 3-D Metal Printing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 673, p 511–523.
H.J. Wang, W.H. Jiang, J.H. Ouyang and R. Kovacevic, Rapid Prototyping of 4043 Al-Alloy Parts by VP-GTAW, J. Mater. Process. Tech, 2004, 148, p 93–102.
Z. Qi, B. Qi, B.Q. Cong and R. Zhang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire+ Arc Additively Manufactured Al-Mg-Si Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Lett, 2018, 233, p 348–350.
L. Thijs, K. Kempen, J. Kruth and J.V. Humbeeck, Fine-structured Aluminium Products with Controllable Texture by Selective Laser Melting of Pre-alloyed AlSi10Mg Powder, Acta Mater, 2013, 61, p 1809–1819.
T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A. Wilson-Heid, A. De and W. Zhang, Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components—Process, Structure and Properties. Prog. Mater. Sci, 2018, 92, p 112–224.
H.S. Kang, W.Y. Yoon, K.H. Kim, M.H. Kim and Y.P. Yoon, Microstructure Selections in the Undercooled Hypereutectic Al–Si Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 404, p 117–123.
B. Jiang, Z.S. Ji, M.L. Hu, H.Y. Xu and S. Xu, A Novel Modifier on Eutectic Si and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si Alloy, Mater. Lett, 2019, 239, p 13–16.
Q.F. Yang, C.J. Xia, Y.Q. Deng, X.F. Li and H.W. Wang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Cold Metal Transfer (WAAM-CMT), Material, 2019, 12, p 2525.
R. Rashid, S.H. Masood, D. Ruan, S. Palanisamy, R.A. Rahman Rashid, J. Elambasseril and M. Brandt, Effect of Energy Per Layer on the Anisotropy of Selective Laser Melted AlSi12 Aluminium Alloy, Addit. Manuf, 2018, 22, p 426–439.
X.Y. Li, W.J. Xia, H.G. Yan, J.H. Chen, B. Su, M. Song, Z.Z. Li and Y.L. Li, Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviors of High Mg Alloyed Al-Mg Alloy During High Strain Rate, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 753, p 59–69.
G.J. Mao, R. Cao, C. Cayron, X.L. Mao, R. Logé and J.H. Chen, Effect of Cooling Conditions on Microstructures and Mechanical Behaviors of Reheated Low-Carbon Weld metals, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 744, p 671–681.
Y.Q. Zhang, Y. Chen, Y.B. Cao, H.B. Qi and S.P. Yang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-12Si Alloys Fabricated by Ultrasonic-Assisted Laser Metal Deposition, Material, 2020, 13, p 126.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51975419) and the China Scholarship Council.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Su, C., Chen, X., Konovalov, S. et al. Effect of Deposition Strategies on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Al-5Si Alloys. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 30, 2136–2146 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05528-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05528-3