Abstract
Microstructure and microsegregation pattern of four Ni-based single crystal (SX) PWA1483 superalloys with different Ta/W ratios of 0.75, 1.0, 1.32, and 1.5 (in wt.%) were investigated. The alloys were directionally solidified by the Bridgman method with a withdrawal rate of 3 mm/min and thermal gradient of about 7 K/mm, followed by an age hardening heat treatment. The experimental observations showed that the Ta/W ratio influenced microstructures and elemental microsegregation patterns of the SX superalloys. Based on the EDS results, W, Mo, Cr, and Co segregated to the dendrite core regions, while Ta, Ti, and Al to the γ/γ′ eutectic and interdendritic zones. The microsegregation degree of Ta and Ti was increased with increasing Ta/W ratio. In addition, Ta and Ti tended to partition to γ′ phase while Mo, W, Co, and Cr to γ matrix phase. By increasing the Ta/W ratio, microporosity was decreased, while the volume fraction of TCP phase and γ/γ′ eutectic structure increased. The superalloy with the Ta/W ratio of 1 showed the best homogeneous distribution of alloying elements in both γ and γ′ phases with no sign of secondary grain defect.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.R. Davis, ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys, ASM International, Cleveland, 2000, p 68–90
M.J. Donachie and S.J. Donachie, Superalloys: A Technical Guide, 2nd ed., ASM International, Cleveland, 2002, p 1–90
Y. Zhang and J. Li, Characterization of the Microstructure Evolution and Microsegregation in a Nickel Based Superalloy Under Super-High Thermal Gradient Directional Solidification, Mater. Trans., 2012, 53, p 1910–1914
L. Zhang, Z. Huang, L. Jiang, J. Luan, Z. Jiao, and C.T. Liu, Effect of Mo: W Ratio on Segregation Behavior and Creep Strength of Nickel Based Single Crystal Superalloys, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2019, 744, p 481–489
S. Simmonds, Formation and Avoidance of Surface Defects During Casting and Heat-Treatment of Single-Crystal Nickel Based Superalloys. Ph.D. thesis (University of Leicester, 2013), pp. 9–50
J. Zhang, J. Li, T. Jin, X. Sun, and Z. Hu, Effect of Solidification Parameters on the Microstructure and Creep Property of a Single Crystal Nickel Based Superalloy, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2010, 26, p 889–894
E.M. Mueller, The Characterization of Freckle Casting Defects in Directionally Solidified Nickel Based Superalloy Turbine Blades. M.Sc. thesis (University of Florida, 2003)
H. Dai, A Study of Solidification Structure Evolution During Investment Casting of Nickel Based Superalloy for Aero-Engine Turbine Blades. Ph.D. thesis (Department of Engineering University of Leicester, 2008)
T. Yamagata, H. Harada, S. Nakazawa, and M. Yamazaki, Effect of Ta/W Ratio in Gamma Prime Phase on Creep Strength of Nickel Based Single Crystal Superalloys, Trans. ISIJ, 1986, 26, p 638–641
K. Matsugi, Y. Nurata, M. Morinaga, and N. Yukawa, Correlation of Ta/W Compositional Ratios with the High Temperature Properties of Ni-Cr-Al-Ta-W (Co) Single Crystal Superalloys, ISIJ Int., 1992, 78, p 666–672
G.L.L. Erickson, Corrosion Resistant Single Crystal Superalloys for Industrial Gas Turbine Application, 47th International Gas Turbine and Aero Engine Congress, ASME, Tallahassee, 1997
A.E. Ares, M.J. Kaufman, and Y.C.E. Schvezov, Directional Solidification of Dendritic Ni-Based Superalloys, Rev. Mater., 2004, 9, p 60–65
B. Rutter, C. Meid, L.M. Roncery, I. Lopez-Galilea, M. Bartsch, and W. Theisen, Effect of Porosity and Eutectics on the High-Temperature Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance of a Nickel Based Single Crystal Superalloys, Scr. Mater., 2018, 140, p 139–143
Y.B. Zhang, L. Liu, T.W. Huang, Y.F. Li, Z.Q. Jie, J. Zhang, W.C. Yang, and H.Z. Fu, Investigation on Remelting Solution Heat Treatment for Nickel Based Single Crystal Superalloys, Scr. Mater., 2017, 136, p 74–77
X.W. Li, L. Wang, J.S. Dong, L.H. Lou, and J. Zhang, Evolution of Micro-pores in a Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy During Solution Heat Treatment, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, 48, p 2682–2685
T. Sugui, W. Minggang, Y. Xingfu, L. Xudong, and Q. Benjiang, Directional Diffusion and Effect Factors of the Elements During Creep of Nickel-Base Single Crystal Superalloys, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2010, 638–642, p 2339–2344
R.C. Reed, The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, p 18–133
G.E. Fuchs, Computer Aided Design of Advanced Turbine Airfoil Alloys for Industrial Gas Turbines in Coal Fired Environments. Technical report, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (2008)
M. Mostafaei and S.M. Abbasi, On the Correlation Between Ta/W Ratio and γ′-Ni3(Al, Ta) Lattice Ordering, Physica B Condens. Matter., 2018, 545, p 305–311
W. Xuan, L. Du, Y. Han, W. Shao, H. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Ren and Y. Zhong, Investigation on Microstructure and Creep Properties of Nickel Based Single Crystal Superalloys PWA1483 During Heat Treatment Under an Alternating Magnetic field, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 762, Article 138087
M. Marty, G. Hug and A. Walder, Influence of Chromium and Molybdenum on the Structural Stability of a High Tolerant PIM Nickel Based Alloy for Turbine Disks, in Conference on Proceedings of the Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, USA, Alloy Phase Stability and Design, Pub. MRS, pp. 401–406 (1990)
R. Dariola, D.F. Lahrman and R.D. Field, Formation of Topologically Closed Packed Phases in Nickel Base Single Crystal Superalloys. Met. Soc. AIME, pp. 255–264 (1988)
Standard Method for Calculation of Electron Vacancy Number in Superalloys, SAE, AS5491 standard (2002)
E. Vacchieri and A. Costa, Comparison of the Mechanical Behavior and Evaluation of Different Damage Mechanisms in an Equiaxed and a Single Crystal Superalloys Subjected to Creep, in LCF and TMF,12th International Symposium on Superalloys, TMS, pp. 235–244 (2012).
R. Burgel, P.D. Portella and J. Preuhs, Recrystallization in Single Crystals of Nickel Based Superalloys. TMS, pp. 229–238 (2000)
Zh Yu, L. Liu, and J. Zhang, Effect of Carbon Addition on Carbide Morphology of Single Crystal Nickel Based Superalloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2014, 24, p 339–345
F. Andrieu, E. Poquillon, and D. Touratier, Rafting Microstructure During Creep of the MC2 Nickel-Based Superalloy at Very High Temperature, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, 510–511, p 244–249
Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count. ASTM Standards (ASTM International, West Conshohoken, 2008)
E.C. Caldwell, F.J. Fela, and G.E. Fuchs, Segregation of Elements in High Refractory Content Single Crystal Nickel Based Superalloys, JOM, 2004, 56, p 44–48
M.G. Ardakani, N.D. Souza, A. Wagner, B.A. Shollock, M. Mclean, Competitive Grain Growth and Texture Evolution During Directional Solidification of Superalloys. Superalloys 2000, TMS, pp. 219–228 (2000)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Delta Ferrite Content. AMS 2315 D Standard (American national standard, 1995)
G. Matache, D.M. Stefanescu, C. Puscasu, and E. Alexandrescu, Dendritic Segregation and Arm Spacing in Directionally Solidified CMSX-4 Superalloy, Int. J. Cast Met. Res., 2016, 29, p 303–316
X.L. Yang, H.B. Dong, W. Wang, and P.D. Lee, Microscale Simulation of Stray Grain Formation in Investment Cast Turbine Blades, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2004, 386, p 129–139
Y. Zhou, Formation of Stray Grains During Directional Solidification of a Nickel Based Superalloy, Scr. Mater., 2011, 65, p 281–284
S. Tin, Carbon Additions and Grain Defect Formation in Directionally Solidified Nickel Based Superalloys. PhD thesis (University of Michigan, 2001)
T.M. Pollock, The Growth and Elevated Temperature Stability of High Refractory Nickel Base Single Crystals, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1995, 32, p 255–266
S. Tin and T.M. Pollock, Nickel Based Superalloys for Blade Application: Production, Performance and Application, Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering., John Ltd, University of Michigan, Michigan, 2010, p 2010
A.L. Tapia, Compositional Design of Nickel Based Superalloys for Industrial Gas Turbine Components. M.Sc. Thesis (University of Florida, 2006)
R. Darolia, D. Lahrman, R. Field, Formation of Topologically Closed Packed Phases in Nickel Base Single Crystal Superalloys, in Conference on Proceedings for the Superalloys, TMS, Warrendale, PA, pp. 255–264 (1988)
C.M.F. Rae and R.C. Reed, The Precipitation of Topologically Close-Packed Phases in Rhenium-Containing Superalloys, Acta Mater., 2001, 49, p 4113–4125
A.J. Wasson, The Impact of Carbon on Single Crystal Nickel Base Superalloys: Carbide Behavior and Alloy Performance. Ph.D Thesis, University of Florida, pp. 79–97 (2010)
K.A. Al-Jarba and G.E. Fuchs, Effect of Carbon Additions on the As-Cast Microstructure and Defect Formation of a Single Crystal Nickel Based Superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2004, 373, p 255–267
L.R. Liu, T. Jin, N.R. Zho, Z.H. Wang, X.F. Sun, H.R. Guan, and Z.Q. Hu, Effect of Carbon Additions on the Microstructure in a Nickel Base Single Crystal Superalloy, Mater. Lett., 2004, 58, p 2290–2294
T. Xi-peng, L. Jin-lai, J. Tao, S. Xiao-feng, and H. Zhuang-qi, Influence of Cr Addition on Microstructure of a 5% Re-containing Single Crystal Nickel Based Superalloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2001, 21, p 1004–1008
M. Veron, Y. Brechet, F. Louchet, Directional Coarsening of Nickel Based Superalloys: Driving Force and Kinetics. TMS, pp. 181–190 (1996)
M. Kamaraj, Rafting in Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys—An Overview, Sadhana, 2003, 28(Parts1-2), p 115–128
K. Matuszewski, Precipitation of Topologically Close Packed Phases Nickel Base Superalloys—The Effect of Re and Ru. Ph.D. Thesis, MTU Aero Engines, FAU University Press, pp. 20–145 (2016)
F. Pyczak, B. Devrient, H. Mughrabi, The Effects of Different Alloying Elements on the Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Lattice Constants and Misfit of Nickel-Based Superalloys Investigated by X-Ray Diffraction. TMS pp. 827–836 (2004)
A. Hazotte and J. Lacaze, Chemically Oriented γ′ Plate Development in a Nickel Base Superalloy, Scr. Metall., 1989, 23, p 1877–1882
A. Epishin, T. Link, U. Brückner, B. Fedelich, PD. Portella, Effects of Segregation in Nickel-Base Superalloys: Dendritic Stresses, Superalloys 2004, TMS, Pennsylvania, PA, pp. 537–543 (2004)
K.Y. Cheng, C.Y. Jo, D.H. Kim, T. Jin, and Z.Q. Hu, Influence of Local Chemical Segregation on the γ′ Directional Coarsening Behavior in Single Crystal Superalloy CMSX-4, Mater. Charact., 2009, 60, p 210–218
Y. Han, W. Ma, Z. Dong, S. Li, S. Gong, Effect of Ruthenium on Microstructure and Stress Rupture Properties of a Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy, in Conference on Proceedings of the Superalloys TMS, pp. 91–97 (2008)
E.M. Mueller, The Characterization of Freckle Casting Defects in Directionally Solidified Nickel-Base Superalloy Turbine Blades. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Florida, pp. 11–57 (2003)
A. Wills and D.G. McCartney, A Comparative Study of Solidification Features in Nickel Base Superalloys: Microstructural Evolution and Microsegregation, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 1991, 145, p 223–232
W. Kurz and D.J. Fisher, Fundamentals of Solidification, 3rd ed., Trans Tech Publications, Basel, 1989, p 280–288
R.M. Kearsey, Compositional Effects on Microsegregation Behavior in Single Crystal Superalloy Systems. Ph.D. Thesis (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, 2004)
C. Ai, L. Liu, J. Zhang, M. Guo, Z. Li, T. Huang, J. Zhou, S. Li, S. Gong, and G. Liu, Influence of Substituting Mo for W on Solidification Characteristics of Re-containing Nickel Based Single Crystal Superalloy, Alloys Compd., 2018, 754, p 85–92
A. Heckl, R. Rettig, S. Cenanovic, M. Gken, and R.F. Singer, Investigation of the Final Stages of Solidification and Eutectic Phase Formation in Re and Ru Containing Nickel Base Superalloys, Cryst. Growth, 2010, 312, p 2137–2144
T. Goehler, C. Schwalbe, J. Svoboda, E. Affeldt, R.F. Singer, Discussing the Effect of Gamma Prime Coarsening on High Temperature Low Stress Creep Deformation with Respect to the Role of Refractory Elements. TMS, pp. 655–664 (2016)
H.D. Brody and M.C. Flemings, Solute Redistribution in Dendritic Solidification, Trans. AIME, 1966, 236, p 615–624
M. Mclean, Directionally Solidified Materials for High Temperature Service, TMS, London, 1983, p 17–38
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the support of Isfahan Alloy Steel Complex for the preparation of initial ingot alloys and MAPNA Turbine Blade Engineering and Manufacturing Company for making the required single crystal ceramic molds.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Borouni, A., Kermanpur, A. Effect of Ta/W Ratio on Microstructural Features and Segregation Patterns of the Single Crystal PWA1483 Ni-Based Superalloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 7567–7586 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05189-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05189-8