Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Borosintered Distaloy Steels

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Distaloy SA is a sponge iron powder (nominal composition: Fe-1.75Ni-1.5Cu-0.5Mo) widely used in the production of powder metallurgy (P/M) parts in the automotive industry. In this study, Distaloy SA powders were sintered in two different atmospheres, one consisting of pure Ar gas (traditional sintering) and the other consisting of a mixture of 90 wt.% B4C and 10 wt.% NaBF4 powders (borosintering). To investigate the effects of the different sintering atmospheres, the P/M samples were characterized using density measurements, surface roughness tests, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, microhardness measurements, nanoindentation experiments, wear tests and corrosion tests. On the surface of the borosintered samples, a 160-325 µm thick double-phase FeB + Fe2B boride layer was formed. The hardness (1405-1688 HV) and elastic modulus (122.21-162.42 GPa) of the surface were significantly improved with the borosintering treatment compared to conventional sintering (215-250 HV, 63.28-94.86 GPa). Borosintering also provided low friction coefficient values and an increased wear resistance compared to conventional sintering. A significant increase in corrosion resistance was also observed with the borosintering treatment in three different solutions. The corrosion rates of both sintered and borosintered samples were ranked as NaCl < HCl < H2SO4. The borosintered samples displayed superior corrosion resistance compared to the sintered samples, especially in the acid solutions. The results of this study show that significant cost savings can be achieved by combining the boriding and sintering treatments in a single borosintering process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R.M. German, Powder Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, Wiley, New York, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. Novák, Advanced Powder Metallurgy Technologies, Mater. (Basel), 2020, 13(1742), p 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  3. L.A. Dobrzański, Ed., Powder Metallurgy: Fundamentals and Case Studies, Rijeka, InTech, 2017

    Google Scholar 

  4. P.C. Angelo and R. Subramanian, Powder Metallurgy: Science, Technology and Applications, PHI, Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  5. A. Bandar, State-of-the Art, Challenges, and Development, Powder Metallurgy of Stainless Steel, A. Pramanik and A.K. Basak, Ed., Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, 2015, p 37–76

    Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Alshammari, F. Yang, and L. Bolzoni, Low-Cost Powder Metallurgy Ti-Cu Alloys as a Potential Antibacterial Material, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2019, 95, p 232–239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Liu, Y. Tian, R. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Song, and S. Peng, Corrosion of Ductile Cast Iron Pipeline in a Water Supply Network Based on the Flow Field Changing, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2018, 13, p 9110–9130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Akhtar, M. Saad, M. Rasikh, and M. Chandra, Recent Advancements in Powder Metallurgy: A Review, Mater. Today Proc., 2018, 5(9), p 18649–18655

    Google Scholar 

  9. I. Chang and Y. Zhao, Ed., Advances in Powder Metallurgy: Properties, Processing and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  10. W.B. James and H. Corporation, Powder Metallurgy Methods and Applications, Vol 7, ASM International, Cleveland, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  11. M.A. Erden and M.T. Taşçi, The Effect of Ni on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb-V Microalloyed Steels Produced by Powder Metallurgy, J. Polytech., 2016, 19(4), p 611–616

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. Arifin, A.B. Sulong, N. Muhamad, J. Syarif, and M.I. Ramli, Material Processing of Hydroxyapatite and Titanium Alloy (HA/Ti) Composite as Implant Materials Using Powder Metallurgy: A Review, Mater. Des., 2013, 55, p 165–175

    Google Scholar 

  13. G.S. Upadhyaya, Powder Metallurgy Technology, Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  14. R. Duggirala and R. Shivpuri, Effects of Processing Parameters in P/M Steel Forging on Part Properties: A Review Part I, Powder Preparation, Compaction, and Sintering, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1992, 1(4), p 495–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. U. Çavdar and E. Atik, Investigation of Conventional- and Induction-Sintered Iron and Iron-Based Powder Metal Compacts, Miner. Met. Mater. Soc., 2014, 66(6), p 1027–1034

    Google Scholar 

  16. M.R. Akbarpour, H.M. Mirabad, M.K. Azar, K. Kakaei, and H.S. Kim, Synergistic Role of Carbon Nanotube and SiCn Reinforcements on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Cu-Based Nanocomposite Developed by Flake Powder Metallurgy and Spark Plasma Sintering Process, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2020, 786, p 139395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. R. Mphahlele, E. A. Olevsky, and P. A. Olubambi, “Spark Plasma Sintering of Near Net Shape Titanium Aluminide: A Review,” in Spark Plasma Sintering: Current Status, New Developments and Challenges, Elsevier Inc., 2019, pp. 281–299.

  18. J. Gild, A. Wright, K. Quiambao-tomko, M. Qin, J.A. Tomko, J.L. Braun, B. Bloomfield, D. Martinez, T. Harrington, K. Vecchio, P.E. Hopkins, and J. Luo, Thermal Conductivity and Hardness of Three Single-Phase High-Entropy Metal Diborides Fabricated by Borocarbothermal Reduction and Spark Plasma Sintering, Ceram. Int., 2020, 46(5), p 6906–6913

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Kulka, Current Trends in Boriding Techniques, Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2019

    Google Scholar 

  20. P.N. Belkin and S.A. Kusmanov, Plasma Electrolytic Boriding of Steels and Titanium Alloys, Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem., 2019, 55(1), p 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  21. A. Günen, Y. Kanca, I.H. Karahan, M.S. Karakas, M.S. Gök, E. Kanca, and A. Çüruk, A Comparative Study on the Effects of Different Thermochemical Coating Techniques on Corrosion Resistance of STKM-13A Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, 49, p 5833–5847

    Google Scholar 

  22. A.A. Joshi, S.S. Hosmani, J. Dumbre, and A.D. Steel, Tribological Performance of Boronized, Nitrided, and Normalized AISI, 4140 Steel Against Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon-Coated AISI, D2 Steel Tribological Performance of Boronized, Nitrided, and Normalized AISI, 4140 Steel against Hydrogenated Diamond, Tribol. Trans., 2015, 58(3), p 500–510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A. Günen, Properties and High Temperature Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Boronized Inconel 718, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2020, 51, p 927–939

    Google Scholar 

  24. A. Gunen and E. Kanca, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Borided Inconel 625 Superalloy, Rev. Mater., 2017, 22(2), p 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  25. S. Sarper and R. Varol, The Effect of Surface Hardening Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Iron Based P/M Specimens, Powder Technol., 2010, 204, p 236–240

    Google Scholar 

  26. R.V. Selim Sarper Yilmaz and B.S. Ünlü, Effect on Wear and Microstructure Properties of Boronising and Shot Pening in Ferrous Based P/M Materials, C.B.U. J. Sci., 2008, 4(1), p 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  27. E.A. Uğur Çavdar, B.S. Ünlü, and A.M. Pinar, Mechanical Properties of Heat Treated Iron Based Compacts, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 312–317

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. Yazici and U. Çavdar, A Study of Soil Tillage Tools from Boronized Sintered Iron, Meter. Sci. Heat Treat., 2017, 58(11–12), p 753–757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. V. Koç, Effect of Boro-Sintering Process on Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour of Low Alloy Steel Produced by Powder Metallurgy, Mater. Res. Express, 2020, 6(12), p 1265c3

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Erdogan, B. Kursuncu, A. Günen, M. Kalkandelen, and M.S. Gök, A New Approach to Sintering and Boriding of Steels ‘Boro-Sintering’: Formation, Microstructure and Wear Behaviors, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2020, 386, p 125482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. W.C. Oliver, Measurement of Hardness and Elastic Modulus by Instrumented Indentation: Advances in Understanding and Refinements to Methodology, J. Mater. Res., 2004, 19, p 3–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Günen, M. Kalkandelen, I.H. Karahan, B. Kurt, E. Kanca, M.S. Gok, and M.S. Karakas, Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Chromium and Vanadium Carbide Composite Coatings Produced on Ductile Cast Iron by Thermoreactive Diffusion Technique, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 2020, 142, p 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. G. Straffelini and A. Molinari, Microstructure and Mechanical Reliability of Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Ferrous Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1996, 5(February), p 27–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Karwan-Baczewska, Processing and properties of Distaloy SA sintered alloys with boron and carbon, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2015, 60(1), p 41–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. Karwan-Baczewska and M. Rosso, Effect of boron on microstructure and mechanical properties of PM sintered and nitrided steels, Powder Metall., 2001, 44(3), p 221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. S. Şahin, Effects of boronizing process on the surface roughness and dimensions of AISI, 1020, AISI, 1040 and AISI, 2714, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209, p 1736–1741

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. Okamoto, B-Fe (Boron-Iron), J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2004, 25(3), p 297–298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. D.S.M. Vishnu, J. Sure, Y. Liu, R.V. Kumar, and C. Schwandt, Electrochemical Synthesis of Porous Ti-Nb Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2019, 96, p 466–478

    Google Scholar 

  39. B.D. Cullity and S.R. Stock, Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. Botes, A.S. Bolokang, I. Kortidis, and V. Matjeke, Structure-Property Relationship of the Laser Cladded Medium Carbon Steel: The Use of Butter Layer Between the Substrate and the Top Clad Layer, Surf. Interfaces, 2019, 14, p 296–304

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. R.M. German, Phase Diagrams in Liquid Phase Sintering Treatments, JOM, 1986, 198, p 26–29

    Google Scholar 

  42. J.M. Torralba and M. Campos, Toward High Performance in Powder Metallurgy, Rev. Metal., 2014, 50(2), p e017

    Google Scholar 

  43. A. Günen, B. Kurt, N. Orhan, and E. Kanca, The Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Borided AISI, 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel with Nanoboron Powder, Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf., 2014, 50(1), p 104–110

    Google Scholar 

  44. L. Qian, M. Li, Z. Zhou, H. Yang, and X. Shi, Comparison of Nano-Indentation Hardness to Microhardness, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 195, p 264–271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. M.S. Meruvia, P. César, S. Júnior, and R.D. Torres, Tribocorrosion Behavior of Boronized AISI, 4140 steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2018, 352, p 265–272

    Google Scholar 

  46. A. Günen, B. Kurt, P. Milner, and M. Sabri, International Journal of Refractory Metals Properties and Tribological Performance of Ceramic-Base Chromium and Vanadium Carbide Composite Coatings, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2019, 81, p 333–344

    Google Scholar 

  47. C. Trevisiol, A. Jourani, and S. Bouvier, Effect of Hardness, Microstructure, Normal Load and Abrasive Size on Friction and on Wear Behaviour of 35NCD16 Steel, Wear, 2017, 388–389, p 101–111

    Google Scholar 

  48. L. Fang and Q.D. Zhou, An Explanation of the Relation Between Wear and Material Hardness in Three-Body Abrasion, Wear, 1991, 151, p 313–321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. L. Wu, X. Guo, and J. Zhang, Abrasive Resistant Coatings—A Review, Lubricants, 2014, 2, p 66–89

    Google Scholar 

  50. M.S. Gök, Y. Küçük, A. Erdogan, M. Öge, E. Kanca, and A. Günen, Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Borided Hot-Work Tool Steel at Elevated Temperatures, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 328, p 54–62

    Google Scholar 

  51. F.H. Stott, The Role of Oxidation in the Wear of Alloys, Tribol. Int., 1998, 31(1–3), p 61–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. G. Dearnaley, Adhesive, Abrasive and Oxidative Wear in Ion-Implanted Metals, Mater. Sci. Eng., 1985, 69(1), p 139–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Y. Kayali, A. Yonetken, and A. Erol, “Investigation of Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviors Ni-Cr-Ta Composite Materials Produced by Powder Metallurgy Method,” 4th International Conference on Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences, pp. 8–11, 2019.

  54. I. Campos, M. Palomar, A. Amador, R. Ganem, and J. Martinez, Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Iron Boride Coatings Obtained by Paste Boriding Process, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 2438–2442

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Qi, C. Liu, G. Lin, and D. Yang, In vitro corrosion behavior of multilayered Ti/TiN coating on biomedical AISI, 316L stainless steel, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2006, 200, p 4011–4016

    Google Scholar 

  56. I. Mejia-Caballero, J. Martinez-Trinidad, M. Palomar-Pardavé, M. Romero-Romo, H. Herrera-Hernandez, and O. Herrera-Soria, Electrochemical Evaluation of Corrosion on Borided and Non-borided Steels Immersed in 1 M HCl Solution, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(8), p 2809–2818

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Y. Kayali and B. Anaturk, Investigation of Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior in a 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution of Boronized Dual-Phase Steel, Mater. Des., 2013, 46, p 776–783

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Y. Kayali, N. Barut, Ş. Talaş, and A. Büyüksağiş, Investigation of Corrosion and Wear Behavior of Borided AISI, P20 Steel in Micro-wave Furnace, Mater. Res. Express, 2018, 6(1), p 016421

    Google Scholar 

  59. A.H. Seikh, A. Sarkar, J.K. Singh, S. Mohammed, M.A. Khan, N. Alharthi, and M. Ghosh, Corrosion Characteristics of Copper-Added, Mater. (Basel), 2019, 12(503), p 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  60. A.S. Mogoda, Y.H. Ahmad, and W.A. Badawy, Corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy in Concentrated Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acids, J. Appl. Electrochem., 2004, 34, p 873–878

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. I. Lozano, E. Mazario, C.O. Olivares-xometl, N.V. Likhanova, and P. Herrasti, Corrosion Behaviour of API, 5LX52 Steel in HCl and H2SO4 Media in the Presence of 1, 3-Dibencilimidazolio Acetate and 1, 3-Dibencilimidazolio Dodecanoate Ionic Liquids as Inhibitors, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2014, 147(1–2), p 191–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Hatay Mustafa Kemal University BAP Research Council (Project Number: 19.M.007). The authors wish to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University BAP Research Unit for their supports.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technology and R&D Center, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31034, Hatay, Turkey

    Selvin Turgut

  2. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, 31034, Hatay, Turkey

    Ali Günen

Authors
  1. Selvin Turgut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ali Günen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Günen.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Turgut, S., Günen, A. Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Borosintered Distaloy Steels. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 6997–7010 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05186-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05186-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation