Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Rapid Induction Heating on Transformations in 0.6% C Steels

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rapid induction surface hardening of high-carbon steel with an initial martensitic microstructure can attain the very high-strength levels needed for lightweighting components such as shafts, gears, and bearings that are subjected to high operating stresses. Specimens of pearlitic and martensitic 0.6 wt pct C steels were heat-treated using a dilatometer to investigate the effects of prior microstructure, heating rates (5 to 500 °C/s), and austenitizing temperatures (850 to 1050 °C) on the transformation to austenite and subsequent transformation to martensite during helium quenching. Specimens were quenched from selected temperatures during heating to assess the initial cementite precipitates formed in martensite before transformation to austenite. Other specimens were isothermally held at the austenitizing temperature to assess cementite dissolution rates and austenite grain evolution. Higher heating rates increased the Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures and lowered the Ms temperatures. Martensitic prior microstructures resulted in lower Ms temperatures and lower hardness as compared to a pearlitic prior microstructure. Alloy content and the austenitizing temperature (900 or 1150 °C) utilized to provide the initial martensitic microstructure also influenced the transformation temperatures and the amount of retained austenite.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Lucas, A. De Paepe, H. Petitgand, C. Colin, L. Chapuis, and J. Artimez, Production of High Quality Formable Grades in an Ultra Short Annealing Processing Line, Luxemburg (2007)

  2. R. Petrov, L. Kestens, W. Kaluba, and Y. Houbaert, Recrystallization and Austenite Formation in a Cold Rolled TRIP Steel during Ultra-Fast Heating, Steel Grips (2003), pp. 289–294

  3. A. Reis, L. Bracke, R. Petrov, J. Kaluba, and L. Kestens, Grain Refinement and Texture Change in In-terstitial Free Steels After Severe Rolling and Ultra-Short Annealing. ISIJ Int., 2003, 43(8), p 1260–1267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Petrov, J. Sidor, and L. Kestens, Texture Formation in High Strength Low Alloy Steel Reheated with Ultrafast Heating Rates, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2012, 702-703, p 798–801

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. De Knijf, A. Puype, C. Föjer, and R. Petrov, The Influence of Ultra-Fast Annealing Prior to Quenching and Partitioning on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 627, p 182–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. F. Castro Cerda, C. Goulas, I. Sabirov, S. Papaefthymiou, A. Monsalve, and R.H. Petrov, Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties in a Low Carbon Steel After Ultrafast Heating, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 672, p 108–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Muljono, M. Ferry, and D.P. Dunne, Influence of Heating Rate on Anisothermal Recrystallization in Low and Ultra-Low Carbon Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 303, p 90–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. V. Massardier, A. Ngansop, D. Fabrège, S. Cazottes, and J. Merlin, Ultra-Rapid Intercritical Annealing to Improve Deep Drawability of Low-Carbon, Al-killed Steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43, p 2225–2236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pei Li, Jun Li, Qingge Meng Wenbin Hua, and Xu Dechao, Effect of Heating Rate on Ferrite Recrystallization and Austenite Formation of Cold-Roll Dual Phase Steel, J. Alloys. Compd., 2013, 578, p 320–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. V. Massardier, A. Ngansop, D. Fabrège, J. Merlin, Microstructure and mechanical properties of low car-bon al-killed steels after ultra-rapid annealing cycles, in Proceedings of THERMEC, vol. 3 (2009)

  11. A. Banis, E. Hernandez Duran, V. Bliznuk, I. Sabirov, R.H. Petrov, and S. Papaefthymiou, The Effect of Ultra-Fast Heating on the Microstructure, Grain Size and Texture Evolution of a Commercial Low-C, Medium-Mn DP Steel, Metals, 2019, 9(8), p 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080877

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. E.D. Schmidt, E.B. Damm, and S. Sridhar, A Study of Diffusion- and Interface-Controlled Migration of the Austenite/Ferrite front During Austenitization of a Case-Hardenable Alloy Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2007, 38, p 698–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9208-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. W. Kaluba, R. Taillard, and J. Foct, The Bainitic Mechanism of Austenite Formation During Rapid Heating, Acta Mater., 1998, 46, p 5917–5927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. F. Cerda, I. Sabirov, C. Goulas, J. Sietsma, A. Monsalve, and R.H. Petrov, Austenite Formation in 0.2% C and 0.45% C Steels Under Conventional and Ultrafast Heating, Mater. Des., 2017, 116, p 448–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Papaefthymiou, M. Bouzouni, and R.H. Petrov, Study of Carbide Dissolution and Austenite Formation During Ultra—Fast Heating in Medium Carbon Chromium Molybdenum Steel, Metals, 2018, 8, p 646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Papaefthymiou, C. Goulas, F.M. Cerda Castro, N. Geerlofs, and R.H. Petrov, The Effect of Heating Rate on the Microstructure of a Soft—Annealed Medium Carbon Steel, Steel Res. Int., 2017, 88, p 1700158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. R. Cryderman, J. Speer, Microstructure and notched fracture resistance of 0.56% C steels after simulated induction hardening, in Proceedings of the 29th ASM Heat Treating Society Conference October 24-26, 2017, Columbus, Ohio, USA

  18. K.D. Clarke, The Effect of Heating Rate and Microstructural Scale on Austenite Formation, Austenite Homogenization, and As-Quenched Microstructure in Three Induction Hardenable Steels. PhD thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado (2008)

  19. S. Papaefthymiou, A. Banis, M. Bouzouni, and R. Petrov, Effect of Ultra-Fast Heat Treatment on the Subsequent Formation of Mixed Martensitic/Bainitic Microstructure with Carbides in a CrMo Medium Carbon Steel, Metals, 2019, 9, p 312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Orlich, A. Rose, and P. Wiest, Atlas Zur Warmebehandlung der Stahle -Band 3, Zeit-Temperatur-Austenitisierung- Schaubilder, Verlag Stahleisen, M.B.G., Dusseldorf, Germany (1973)

  21. V. Rudnev, G. Fett, A. Griebel, and J. Tartaglia, Principles of Induction Hardening and Inspection, Induction Hardening and Heat Treatment, ASM Metals Handbook, Vol 4c, ASM International, Cleveland, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. Eddir, R. Goldstein, E. Buchner, E. De Moor, and R. Cryderman, Influence of heating rates on temperature gradients in short time dilatometry testing, in Conference Proceedings—Thermal Processing in Motion, June 5-7, 2018, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA

  23. A. Banka, A. Senita, R. Goldstein, T. Eddir, E. Buchner, and R. Cryderman, Modeling of short time dilatometry testing of high carbon steels, in Conference Proceedings—Thermal Processing in Motion, June 5-7, 2018, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA

  24. C. Cayron, ARPGE: A Computer Program to Automatically Reconstruct the Parent Grains from Electron Backscatter Diffraction Data, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2007, 40(6), p 1183–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. G.F. Vander Voort and A. Roosz, Measurement of the Interlamellar Spacing of Pearlite, Metallography, 1984, 17(1), p 1–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. R. Cryderman, Austenite grain nucleation and growth after re-austenitizing pre-quenched 0.56% C steels, in Conference Proceedings of Thermal Processing in Motion, 2018, Spartanburg, SC, USA

  27. R. Cryderman and T. Ballard, Short Time Austenitizing Effects on the Hardenability of 0.55 wt. pct. Carbon Steels, Metall. Res. Technol., 2018, 115, p 403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. K.W. Andrews, JISI, 1965, 203, p 721

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. E.S. Rowland and S.R. Lyle, ASM Trans., 1946, 37, p 27

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Vieweg, G. Ressel, P. Raninger, P. Prevedel, S. Marsoner, and R. Ebner, Comparing Fast Inductive Tempering and Conventional Tempering: Effects on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Metall. Res. Technol., 2018, 115, p 407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. H.-S. Yang and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Austenite Grain Size and the Martensite-Start Temperature, Scripta Mater., 2009, 60, p 493–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. S.-J. Lee and K.-S. Park, Prediction of Martensite Start Temperature in Alloy Steels with Different Grain Size, Metall. Trans. A, 2013, 44A, p 3423–3427

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of the corporate sponsors of the Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center, an industry/university cooperative research center at the Colorado School of Mines. Special thanks to TimkenSteel and Nucor Steel for providing the test materials. We would also like to thank Cyril Cayron from Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland for his support with the crystallographic orientation simulations using ARPGE.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO, 80401, USA

    Robert Cryderman, Dalton Garrett, Zachary Schlittenhart & Eun Jung Seo

Authors
  1. Robert Cryderman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dalton Garrett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zachary Schlittenhart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Eun Jung Seo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Cryderman.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cryderman, R., Garrett, D., Schlittenhart, Z. et al. Effects of Rapid Induction Heating on Transformations in 0.6% C Steels. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 3502–3515 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04632-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04632-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation