Abstract
A wide variety of test systems have been developed to determine the cooling characteristics of quenchants. Among them, rational systems with good reliability and cost performance have been adopted as domestic and international standards. This review mainly focuses on test systems using a small ball probe and discusses their development processes, features, and potential uses. Although a test system with a ball probe is not defined in current standards, it is known that specific ones used in the past contributed to enhancing the test. This literature survey found a classic test system with 7-mm-dia. silver or 4-mm-dia. chromium-nickel balls, which was created rationally for using the lumped heat capacity method, and was applied to a variety of quenchants at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute from 1928 to 1931. The institute finally increased the diameter of the silver ball probe to 20 mm due to manufacturing problems and applied it to various quenchants, which was widely applied until the ISO 9950 standard using an Inconel cylindrical probe was established. In latter half of this report, prototypes of the test system using a small ball probe created by the author’s group since 2011 were briefly reviewed. This work solved the problem in the previous small ball probes with the current technology. The latest prototype uses a 4-mm-dia. platinum ball probe with a 0.25-mm-dia. sheathed thermocouple inserted into the center. The probe heated radiantly in a fixed state with halogen lumps is cooled in the quenchant in the container which is elevated by an electric linear actuator for robotics. This container movement creates a simple relative flow of quenchant around the probe, which has not been seen in the previous test systems. The use of the small ball probe has realized the compact and short-term test system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.E. Totten, C.E. Bates, and N.A. Clinton, Handbook of Quenchants and Quenching Technology, ASM International, Materials Park, 1993
G.E. Totten, H.M. Tensi, and B. Liscic, Standards for Cooling Curve Analysis of Quenchants, Heat Treat. Met., 1997, 4, p 92–94
Testing Method for Cooling Ability of Heat Treating. JIS K 2526 (1965) in Japanese
Petroleum Products—Quenching Oils—Drasticity—Silver Sensor Test in Static. AFNOR NF T60-178 (1989) in French
Industrial Quenching Oils—Determination of Cooling Characteristics-Nickel-Alloy Probe Test Method. ISO 9950 (1995)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysis. ASTM D 6200 (1997)
J.J. Lakin, Testing of Quenching Media, Heat Treat. Met., 1979, 6, p 59–62
N. Engel, Studies on Steel Hardening, Ingeniorvidenskabelige Skrifter. A. no. 31 (1931) in German
K. Arimoto, F. Ikuta, and H. Yokota, First Prototype of Rotary-Arm Type Test System Using a Small Ball Probe for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quenchants, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2014, 3(4), p 405–426
S. Tawara, Experimental Research on the Cooling Power of Various Quenching Media Report I, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1941, 27, p 583–599 (in Japanese)
K. Arimoto, M. Shimaoka, and F. Ikuta, Modified Prototypes of Rotary-Arm Type Test System Using a Small Ball Probe for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quenchants, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2019, 8(2), p 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1520/mpc20180016
K. Arimoto, M. Shimaoka, and F. Ikuta, First Prototype of Container Elevator Type Test System Using a Small Ball Probe for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quenchants, In International Conference on Quenching and Distortion Engineering, Novermber, 27–29, 2018, Nagoya, Japan
C. Benedicks, Experimental Researches on the Cooling Power of Liquids, on Quenching Velocities, and on the Constituents Troostite and Austenite, J. Iron Steel Inst., 1908, 77, p 153–257
N.B. Pilling and T.D. Lynch, Cooling Properties of Technical Quenching Liquids, Trans. AIME, 1920, 62, p 665–688
K. Gebhard, H. Hanemann, and A. Schrader, On Martensite System, Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 1929, 2, p 763–771 (in German)
E. Houdremont, Handbook of Special Steel, 3rd edn. (Springer-Verlag, Stahleisen, 1956) (in German)
K.G. Speith and H. Lange, The Quenching Capacity of Liquid Quenchants, Mitt. Kais. Wilh. Inst. Eisenforschg., 1935, 17, p 175–184 (in German)
T.F. Russell, Some Tests on Quenching Oils, Special. Report No. 24, Second Report of the Alloy Steels Research Committee, Iron and Steel Instruments, Alloy Steels Research Committee, London, 1939, p 283–298.
A. Rose, Cooling Capacity of Steel Quenchants, Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 1940, 13, p 345–354 (in German)
H. Schallbroch, W. Bieling, and J. Blank, The Quenching Capacity of Various Quenchants, Technische Zeitschrift fur praktische Metallbearbeitung, 1941, 52, p 77–82 (in German)
H. Krainer and K. Swoboda, The Choice of Quench Oil for Hardening of Steel, Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 1944, 17, p 163–176 (in German)
W. Peter, The Cooling Capacity of Liquid Quenchants, Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 1949, 20, p 263–274 (in German)
W. Peter, The Influence of Surface Condition of Quenching Products on the Cooling Process in Liquid Quenchants, Arch. Eisenhüttenwes., 1950, 21, p 395–402 (in German)
M. Tagaya and I. Tamura, Studies on the Quenching Media (1st Report): The Apparatus and Method of Research, J. Jpn. Inst. Metals B, 1951, 15, p 535–537 (in Japanese)
Heat Treating Oils. JIS K 2242 (1965) in Japanese
M. Narazaki, G.E. Totten, and G.M. Webster, Hardening by reheating and quenching, Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel, G.E. Totten, M. Howes, and T. Inoue, Ed., ASM International, Material Park, 2002, p 248–295
M. Narazaki, S. Fuchizawa, and M. Usuba, Effects of Specimen Geometry on Characteristic Temperature during Quenching of Heated Metals in Subcooled Water, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1989, 75(4), p 634–641 (in Japanese)
H.M. Tensi, Wetting Kinetics, in Quenching Theory and Technology, 2nd ed., Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, London, 2010, p 179–204
Wolfson Heat Treatment Centre Engineering Group, Laboratory Test for Assessing the Cooling Characteristics of Industrial Quenching Media (1982)
N.A. Hilder, A Pump Agitation System for Assessing the Cooling Characteristics of Quenchants, Heat Treat. Met., 1985, 12, p 63–68
N.A. Hilder, The Behaviour of Polymer Quenchants, Heat Treat. Met., 1987, 14, p 31–46
Z. Fried, I. Felde, R. Otero, J. Viscaino, G. Totten, and L. Canale, Parallelized Particle Swarm Optimization to Estimate the Heat Transfer Coefficients of Palm Oil, Canola Oil, Conventional, and Accelerated Petroleum Oil Quenchants, Mater. Perform. Charact., 2019, 8(2), p 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1520/mpc20180049
NI myRIO-1900 User Guide and Specifications. http://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/376047a.pdf
J.V. Beck, User’s Manual for IHCP1D: Program for Calculating Surface Heat Fluxes from Transient Temperatures Inside Solids, Beck Engineering Consultants Company, Okemos, 2006
J.V. Beck, B. Blackwell, and C.R.J. St. Clair, Inverse Heat Conduction-Ill-posed Problem, Wiley, New York, 1985
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is an invited submission to JMEP selected from presentations at the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition held October 15-17, 2019, in Detroit, Michigan, and has been expanded from the original presentation.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arimoto, K. A Brief Review on Test Systems Using a Ball Probe for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quenchants. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 3462–3475 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04615-1
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04615-1